SKEE2413
BASIC POWER ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 2 part i
Electricity Generation
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Objectives
Student should be able to:
1. List and describe conventional and new methods of
electrical power generation.
2. Discuss configurations of two types of conventional power
generation, namely steam and hydro.
3. Calculate parameters and performances related to
electricity generation.
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Introduction
Generation of electrical energy is the first process in delivering
of power to consumers.
Electrical energy can be categorised as a commodity that
undergoes production process, similar to that of clothes, food
electricity generation is also involved a process of converting
various nonelectrical energy such as mechanical, chemical
etc into electrical energy.
The main difference in electrical energy production compared
to other commodities is that electricity must be produced
based on immediate demand,
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Introduction
The energy must be processed and transmitted at the instant
it is required by consumers.
Since the electricity supply and demand process is almost
instantaneous, the electricity generation requires
complicated technical and economic approaches.
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Generation of Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is generated by converting non-electrical
energy in suitable manner into electrical energy.
The conversion process can be divided into two categories:
i. Generation of mechanical energy to rotate electrical
generator.
ii. Direct conversion of non-electrical energy into electrical
energy with the aid of energy storage components such
as batteries.
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Generation of Electrical Energy
The techniques commonly utilised for generation of
mechanical energy to rotate electrical generators are:
a. Generation of heat/steam.
This method is basically involved either burning of suitable
fuel resources or activating nuclear reaction to produce heat.
The heat is subsequently used to turn water into dried high
pressure steam which becomes the mechanical energy
source to move the turbine and generator shaft.
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Generation of Electrical Energy
Commonly used sources of energy in the method are:
i. Coal.
ii. Petroleum (Hydrocarbon Oil).
iii. Natural gas.
iv. Uranium (nuclear fission).
v. Deutrium (nuclear fusion).
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Generation of Electrical Energy
b. Generation of mechanical energy directly from the
source.
The stored kinetic energy readily available is used to develop
mechanical energy source for electrical generator.
Sources available are:
i. Water (hydro).
ii. Geothermal.
iii. Wind.
iv. Wave.
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Generation of Electrical Energy
In direct conversion of non-mechanical energy into electrical
energy, there are natural resources that can be used to
generate electricity.
Among the sources are:
i. Solar energy.
ii. Fuel cell.
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Generation Based on Electrical
Generator
Electrical generating stations have machine that functions to
convert raw materials such as coal, gas, water et cetera to
mechanical energy.
The energy is used to power the synchronous generator,
which is the main component in production of electrical
energy.
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Generation Based on Electrical
Generator
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Generation Based on Electrical
Generator
Mechanical energy produces torque to rotate generators
shaft.
Shaft rotation enables flux from rotating structure to cut
conductors at the stationary part of the generator, which
produces electrical source in the form of generated voltage at
the line terminal of the generator.
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Thermal Power Station
Thermal power station involves conversion of heat energy
from coal combustion into electrical energy.
The station is based on Rankine cycle concept:
mechanical power is generated by evaporating water to
high pressure steam in order to run the generator.
The steam produced at high pressure has sufficient
mechanical energy to be able to move turbines and rotates
synchronous generator to generate electrical power.
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Thermal Power Station
(a) Sample of coal for power generation, and (b) Thermal power station
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Thermal Power Station
The main components in the generation process at thermal
power station :
i. Coal and ash handling scheme.
ii. Steam generating plant.
iii. Steam turbine.
iv. Synchronous generator.
v. Water processing plant.
vi. Electrical connecting apparatus to transmission
line.
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Thermal Power Station
The efficiency of thermal power station is quite low, less
than 30%.
This is due to heat loss in various generating processes,
starting from burning of coal to the mechanical power
developed to move the steam turbine.
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Thermal Power Station
Thermal efficiency
The overall generating efficiency is
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Thermal Power Station
Overall efficiency of a thermal power station is 20%. 0.6 kg of coal is
required to produce 1 kWh of electrical energy. It is known that 1 kWh of
electrical energy is equivalent to 860 kcalorie (kcal). Calculate the value
of energy from fuel source for the station.
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Thermal Power Station
A 100 MW thermal station uses source of 6400 kcal/kg. Thermal and
overall efficiencies are 30% dan 27.6%. respectively. Obtain (i) coal
consumption for every hour and (ii) electrical efficiency, if the station
supplies the rated electrical output.
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Thermal Power Station
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Hydroelectric Station
Hydroelectric station involves conversion of hydraulic energy
into electrical energy.
main components in a hydroelectric
station are:
i. Dam.
ii. Spillways.
iii. Headworks.
iv. Surge tank.
v. Penstock.
general structural schematic for a hydroelectric station
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Hydroelectric Station
A dam is constructed across river or lake to form reservoir.
A tunnel is built to connect the dam to a large pipeline called
penstock through valve house.
A surge tank on top of penstock is to protect the penstock
against sudden increase of pressure that occurs if turbine
opening is suddenly closed due to rapid decrease of electrical
load at generator.
In this situation, water pressure is transferred from the
penstock to the surge tank which will increase the water level
in the tank.
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Hydroelectric Station
Energy from water in the reservoir depends on the volume
and difference in height between water source and output.
This height difference is called head, for which the stored
energy is directly proportional to the water head.
To obtain a high head, water from the dam used to move
hydraulic turbine is channelled through penstock to the
turbine.
The turbine converts hydraulic energy from water into
mechanical energy which is then transferred to the generator
shaft for subsequent conversion to electrical energy.
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Hydroelectric Station
Cross-sectional view of connection between hydro turbine and generator
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Hydroelectric Station
Water turbines normally used in hydroelectric station
i. Impulse turbine
-used for a high water head.
-High water pressure from nozzle
is sprayed to turbine blades and
the velocity of the water jet drives
the wheel.
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Hydroelectric Station
ii. Reaction turbine
is used for low and medium water head.
For this turbine, water pressure combines with head velocity
to move the turbine blades.
Examples of the turbine : Francis and Kaplan turbines.
Francis turbine : for medium and low head with the flow of
water in parallel with axis of the turbine.
Kaplan turbine : for low head, same as francis but differs in
the aspect of water flow through the axis of turbines shaft.
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Hydroelectric Station
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Hydroelectric Station
Calculation of performance for hydroelectric station
It is known that mass for 1 m3 of water is 1000 kg and
typical value for constant of gravitational acceleration is 9.81
m/s2.
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Hydroelectric Station
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Hydroelectric Station
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Hydroelectric Station
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Hydroelectric Station
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Hydroelectric Station
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Gas Turbine Power Station
Generating station that uses gas as fuel to power the turbine
is known as gas turbine generating station.
In the gas turbine, mechanical energy is developed by a
combination of compressed air and burning gas.
Intially, air is compressed in compressor then combined with
the burning fuel in combustion chamber.
The process results in increase of temperature and pressure
of the compressed air.
This enables air to flow with high velocity volume to rotate the
turbine and move the generator.
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Gas Turbine Power Station
(a) Gas turbine generating station (b) Electricity generation process
inside gas turbine
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Energy from wind has become one of the potentially
viable renewable energy resources contributing to
commercial electrical energy generation.
Although currently wind generation is not significant in
most countries, however technological advances related
to wind generation and clean source of wind energy are
expected to increase role of the generation in near future.
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Wind turbine is used to convert energy from wind to electrical energy.
Wind rotates turbine blades and electrical power is obtained when the
turbine is connected to electrical generator.
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Wind Power Electric Generator
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Since wind cannot be predicted accurately and differs from
the load demand pattern, electrical supply from wind station
cannot be scheduled accordingly to fulfill the given load as
the other conventional generation techniques.
Thus, in commercial generation, it is commonly used to
replace other generation techniques at specific time and also
contributes to reserve supply source such as battery system
and hydro-based pumped storage.
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Blades of turbine rotor normally covers a circular area. The
area can be calculated by
where A : area covered by rotor (m2)
r : radius of the rotor
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Power obtained from the wind depends on area covers by
turbine rotor and speed and density of the wind.
P : derived power (Watt),
d : wind density,
A : rotor area (m2),
v : wind speed (m/s).
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Wind Power Electric Generator
Air density depends on elevation (height) above ground
while surrounding temperature does not significantly affect
energy produced by wind. Therefore, magnitude of wind
power:
Wind power density is a parameter normally used and
defined as power from the wind per unit area occupied by
the turbine blade (in W/m2).
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
Solar energy is one of the preferred source of energy
nowadays.
This is due to the fact that the energy is renewable, clean
and does not have significant impact to the environment.
Sun ray is estimated to produce 1000 W/m2 of energy at sea
level on earth surfaces.
However, the energy conversion process to electrical energy
with available technology at this moment is still quite low,
which is about 100 W/ m2.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
As an example, a photovoltaic (PV) panel with an
efficiency of 15% is normally be able to generate between
19 to 60 W/m or 0.45 to 1.35 kWh/m/day.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
shows an arrangement of PV panel that is used to
generate electrical power.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
Typically energy from the sun rays is converted to electrical
energy by utilising PV cell (also known as photoelectric cell).
PV cell is a semiconductor device that receives photon from
sun rays to produce charge carriers (electrons and holes) in
the cell.
The separation of charge carrier to conductor side results into
flow of electrical current.
The conversion process is known as photovoltaic effect.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
Photovoltaic effect in PV cell
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
A PV system for generating alternating current source is
normally consisted of the following components:
1. PV cell module.
2. Junction box.
3. Charge regulator.
4. Fuse and DC wiring system.
5. Battery.
6. DC/AC inverter.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
Battery unit is used to store energy produced by the PV cell
during the day, which is then consumed at night.
For commercial scale applications, normally the PV system is
connected to the grid system.
There is an inverter component or a Power Conditioning Unit
(PCU).
The function of PCU is to convert DC to AC power that
fulfills voltage and power quality specifications of the power
grid system. The unit also cut the supply to the grid if the grid
is not functioning.
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Direct Conversion Method : Solar
Connection arrangement from PV system to grid and loads
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