RE-300-E1
ZXR10 Routing Technology
Basic Routing Principles
V1122
ZTE University
Data Communication Group
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Objectives
Router definition and function
Basic conception
Working principle of router
IP routing process
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Router definition(1)
RouterA kind of computer device used to
interconnect network
Router must have the following features:
Multiple three layer interfaces to interconnect
different networks
Implement the protocol up to the network layer
Have the function of
storing forwarding path-finding
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Router functions(2)
The core function of router is interconnecting networks
and data forwarding.
routing building route table and refreshing
switching forwarding packet between networks.
Insulate broadcast packets define access rule.
Connecting different kinds of networks.
Rate adapting between networks.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Objectives
Router definition and function
Basic conception
Working principle of router
IP routing process
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Basic concepts
routed protocol
routing protocol
routing table
metric
connected route
static route
dynamic route
default route
distance
the longest matching principle
Classful / classless routing
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Routing protocol and routed protocol
[Link] [Link]
E0
S0
Network Destination Exit Interface [Link]
Protocol Network
Connected [Link] fei_0/1
RIP [Link] e1_1
OSPF [Link] e1_2
Routed protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, OSPF
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route table
The information that router need to forward data is stored
in a table, called route table
Router check the destination address of the packet,and
choose the next hop based on the information in route
table.
Route table is stored in RAM
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route table composition
Route table composition:
Destination address
Mask
Next hop address (Gateway)
Forwarding physical interface
Source of the information(Owner)
Route priority
metric
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route table composition
Example
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_0/1.1 static 1 0
[Link] -- Destination network address
[Link] -- Destination network mask
[Link] -- Next hop address
fei_0/1.1 -- Route learning interface and forwarding interface
static -- how does router learns this entry
1 -- route priority
0 -- Metric
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route table establishing and refreshing
How is route established at the beginning?
How to maintain the route table after it is
established?
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route Types
Directly Default route
connected route
Static route Dynamic route
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Directly connected route
[Link]/24 [Link]/30
[Link]/24
A [Link]/30
B
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_0/1 direct 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_0/1 address 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1 direct 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1 address 0 0
ZXR10#
Directly connected route
When network address is configured and the status of the interface is valid, the
network configured on this network will appear in the route table and associated
with this interface the route will change with the status of the interface.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Static route configuration
Stub Network
[Link]
SO
[Link]
B A
B
Network [Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
This is a unidirectional route, there should be an opposite route
configured on the counterpart router.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Default route configuration
Example Stub Network
[Link]
SO
Network A B
B
[Link] [Link]
ip route [Link] [Link] [Link]
Default route is configured on the egress router in a st
ub network.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Dynamic route
OSPF RIP OSPF RIP
[Link]/8 [Link]/8 [Link]/8
Routing protocol is a software process running on the r
outer. It will exchange routing information with other ro
uters studying route information of network not direc
tly connected and adjusting the route information when t
opology changes.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route priority
Select the route that has the highest priority to the route
table
RIP OSPF
[Link]/16 fei_1/1 [Link]/16 fei_1/3
[Link]/16 fei_1/3
Notice the comparison of Route table
route priority must be between
identical routes.
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Default route priority
Route
Route Source
Source Default
Default priority
priority
Connected interface 0
Static route 1
External BGP 20
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP v1, v2 120
Internal BGP 200
Special (For inner process) 255
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Float static route
fei_1/1 e1_2/1.1
DDN
Network
serial_3/1
PSTN
How to configure static route when there are
redundant links?
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Float static route
fei_1/1 e1_2/1.1
DDN
Network
serial_3/1
PSTN
ZXR10(config)#ip route [Link] [Link] e1_2/1.1
ZXR10(config)#ip route [Link] [Link] serial_3/1 5
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Longest match principle
ZXR10#show ip route
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metri
c
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.1 direct 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.1 address 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.2 direct 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.2 address 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.3 direct 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.3 address 0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.1 ospf 110 10
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.2 static 1 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.3 rip 120 5
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1.1 static 0 0
[Link]?
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Objectives
Router definition and functions
Basic conception
Working principle of router
IP routing process
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Router working principle
Routing function
Study and maintain the network topology,produce and maintain ro
ute table
Forwarding function
Data transferring and processing procedure(Receiving data on one
interface,then choose an appropriate interface to send it out, includin
g the work of frame encapsulation and decapsulation)
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route function
Study and maintain the network topology mechanism is reg
arded as the function of [Link] requires several basic in
formation
What kind of protocols to route
Is the destination network address in the route table?
Which interface to send out the packet
What is the next hop address
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Forwarding Function
Frame checking and cache the Coming
packet interface
Associate destination address with Route
Maintained by routing protocol
the next hop interface table
Create the frame head with the ARP cache Maintained by
physical address LAN Mapping list
WAN ARP or RARP
process
Packet encapsulation and Out interface
forwarding
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Route working process summary
Add route based on route priority Search entry in route table
Based on destination address
Routing
Routing
Routing
process
Routing
process
process Route Forwarding
process table process
Longest match
principles
Routing protocol study
possible route,select the
best route based on metric
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Objectives
Router definition and functions
Basic conception
Working principle of router
IP routing process
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Communication in the same
network
To router1
Network
Hub/switch
A
Communication
requirement
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Communication process
A B
Network
Hub
IP address [Link] IP address [Link]
MAC address MAC address
00:20:AF:00:00:01 00:20:AF:00:00:02
No need to consider
higher layer protocols
Encapsulate IP decapsulate
address in IP packet
Protocol IP layer packet and send Receiving I IP layer
layer to [Link] P packet
ARP
Ethernet Encapsulate MAC Decapsulate Ethernet
address in frame MAC frame
and send to MAC Receiving M
address AC frame
00:20:AF:00:00:02
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Communication between different
network
Router Router
DDN
PPP
Network A Network B
Ethernet Ethernet
Communication
requirements
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Communication between different
network
Network
PPP
Ethernet Ethernet
fei-1/1 e1_2/1.1 e1_2/1.1 fei-1/1
HOST A HOST B
No need to consider No need to consider
Protocol higher layer protocols higher layer protocols
IP IP IP IP IP IP
IP layer IP layer IP layer IP layer
packet packet packet packet packet packet
Ethernet Serial Serial Ethernet
Ethernet Ethernet
interface interface interface interface
MAC PPP MAC
frame frame frame
Send host router router Receiving
A host B
PPP
packet
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Communication process
Get peer IP address
Whether in the same YES YES
Is the peer MAC Data link layer
network
address in ARP table? encapsulation
with peer
NO NO
Get peer MAC
Address by ARP Send data at
physical layer
YES
Is gateway YES Is the gateway MAC Data link layer
configured address in ARP? encapsulation
NO NO
End
Get gateway MAC
Send error message
address by ARP
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
IP communication process
IP communication process basic conception:
IP communication is hop by hop communication
Source IP and destination IP address is unchanged
Every time the packet passed a data link layer,there
will be a new encapsulation of the packet
The return path is not related to the forwarding
path
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Network protocol layer process
X
C Y
A
B
X Y
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session A B C Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Routing process example
R1 route table
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 direct
0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1 direct
0 0
[Link] /24 [Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
fei_1/1 120 1
R2 [Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
120 1
e1_2/1.1
e1_1/1.1
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
120 2 [Link] /24
[Link] /24
e1_1/1.1
e1_1/1.1
R3
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1 Destination address:
[Link] [Link] /24
[Link] /24
[Link] A B
[Link]
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Routing process example
R2 route table
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 direct
0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_2/1.1 direct
0 0
[Link] /24 [Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1 direct 0
fei_1/1 0
R2
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
120 1
e1_1/1.1 e1_2/1.1
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
[Link] /24 120 1 [Link] /24
Destination Address: e1_1/1.1
e1_1/1.1 [Link]
R3
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1
[Link] /24 [Link] /24
[Link] [Link] address:[Link]
[Link]
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Routing process example
R3 route table
[Link] [Link] [Link] fei_1/1 direct
0 0
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 direct
[Link] /24 0 0
fei_1/1 [Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
R2 120 1
[Link] [Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
e1_1/1.1 e1_2/1.1
120 1
[Link] /24 [Link]
[Link] /24
[Link] [Link] e1_1/1.1 rip
120 2
Destination address: e1_1/1.1
e1_1/1.1 [Link]
R3 Return path
R1
fei_1/1
fei_1/1
[Link] /24 [Link] /24
[Link] [Link]
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Review
Definition of router
Router functions
Basic conceptions in routing
IP routing process within the same subnet
IP routing process between different subnet
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].
Questions
Whats the two main functions of router?
How is the route table established?
What is the standard when a router is selecting the
route to route table?
When forwarding IP packet, If there are many mat
ches, what will router do?
Describe the encapsulation and decapsulation duri
ng the process of IP routing .
ZTE University [Link]
[Link].