ECET525 (Power Electronics)
Day 2- Bird’s-Eye View of Power Electronics
Systems
Prepared by: Engr. Darwin D. Mañaga
Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W)
p = dw/dt = vi
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current
enters through the positive terminal of an element and p
= +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal,
p = −vi.
Law of Conservation of
Energy
PABSORBED = -PSUPPLIED
Remember:
1W-h = 3,600J
Sample Problem
Find the power delivered to an element
at t = 3 ms if the current entering its
positive terminal is
i = 5 cos 60πt A
and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3
di/dt .
Sample Problem
Calculate the power supplied or
absorbed by each element on the circuit
below.
Sample Problem
The electron beam in a TV picture tube
carries 1015 electrons per second.
Determine the voltage needed to
accelerate the electron beam to achieve
4 W.
A Simple Voltage Converter
Sample Problem
Consider a simple example of designing a 5-volts dc power
supply for TTL ICs from a 12-volts battery using voltage
divider principle. Note: Select resistor R2 arbitrarily to be 1
kΩ.
A.) Determine R1
B.) The Thevenin equivalent circuit.
B.1) Vth
B.2) Rth
B.3) Equation of Vo
C.) Vo if Io = 0.86 mA
D.) Pin, Po @ Io = 1 mA, converter’s efficiency
Voltage Regulation
Characteristic
Vo
Ideal Regulation
Medium Regulation with Emitter Follower
Poor regulation w/o Emitter Follower
Io
Modeling and Assumptions
Elements of a Converter Circuit
1. Resistance
Main concern: skin effect – high frequency current tends
to concentrate near the surface of the conductor
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
4. Sources
5. Electrical switch
6. Transformer
7. Loads and sinks
Sample problem
A precharged capacitor is to be
used as a dc voltage source of 10
volts. The voltage is held to within
1% of 10 volts over a time interval
of 50 us. While supplying a current
of 1 amp. Find the capacitor value
Sample problem
An inductor is to be used as a dc
current source of 10 amps for a 12-
volts battery for use in a converter
operating at a frequency of 20 kHz.
The current should not vary by
more than 1% during the switching
period. Find the inductor value.
Sample problem
Find the input capacitance of an
ideal 10:1 transformer, which has a
0.47 uF capacitor in the second
winding.
Load Classification
Resistive
Heaters
Ovens and furnaces
Inductive
Electromagnetic relays
Cranes
Pickups and hoist
Capacitive
Displays
Gas discharge lamps such as halogen and mercury
vapor lamps and lasers
Load Classification cont…
DC current loads
Dc motor in constant torque applications
DC voltage loads
Dc motor in constant speed applications
Batteries during charging
AC voltage loads
Ac voltage BUS
Induction motors in constant speed applications
Synchronous motors in constant speed applications
AC current loads
Induction motors in constant torque applications
Synchronous motors in constant torque applications
Power Converter
Vi Converter Vo
Controller
Converter Comparisons
Converter DC-DC AC-DC DC-AC AC-AC
Vi DC fixed AC fixed DC fixed AC fixed
magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency
Vo DC DC adjustable AC adjustable AC adjustable
adjustable magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency
Main Functions Good Vout Adjustable DC AC adjustable AC adjustable
regulation output magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency
Applications of Converters
DC – AC (Inverter)
Aircraft and space power supplies
UPS
Variable-frequency ac motor drives
Aircraft variable-speed constant frequency supplies
Induction heating supplies
AC – DC (Rectifier)
DC motor drives
Regulated dc power supplies
High voltage dc transmission
Wind generator converters
Applications cont…
DC – DC (DC chopper)
Electric transportation
High performance regulated power supply
Electronic ballasts
DC motor drive systems
AC – AC (Cycloconverter)
Light dimmers
Voltage regulators
VAR regulators
AC motor speed controls
Electronic tap chargers
Solid state relays
Converter Topology
- refers to the arrangement of components within the
converter
Main Categories:
• transformer-isolated
• non-transformer-isolated
Non-Transformer-Isolated
- Only semiconductors provide DC isolation from input to
output.
Advantages:
Simple
Easy to understand
Easy to design
Disadvantage:
More prone to failure due to lack of DC isolation
Four basic topologies:
Buck (or step-down)
Boost (or step-up)
Buck-Boost (or inverting)
Cuk converters
Transformer-Isolated
- relies on a physical barrier to provide galvanic isolation.
Advantages:
can withstand very high voltages before failure
provides a second form of protection in the event of a semiconductor
failure
ease of adding multiple outputs to the power supply without separate
regulators for each
preferred ones by designers.
Four basic topologies:
isolated forward,
flyback
push-pull
half-bridge
full-bridge
Buck Converter/Regulator
-used the reduce a DC voltage to a lower DC voltage.
Boost Converter/Regulator
-provides an output voltage that is higher than the input
voltage
Buck-Boost
Converter/Regulator
-an output voltage is generated opposite in polarity to the
input.
Flyback Converter/Regulator
-an output voltage that is less than or greater than the input
can be generated, as well as multiple outputs.
Multiple-Output Flyback
Push Pull
-A two-transistor converter that is especially efficient at low
input voltages.
Half Bridge
- A two-transistor converter used in many off-line
applications.
Full Bridge
-A four-transistor converter (usually used in off-line designs)
that can generate the highest output power of all the types
Assignment#1:
Research on the converter’s
performance measures
Kindly send ASS#01 thru e-mail
(deadline – Until 06/30/2010).
[Link]@[Link]
Grading System as per
ELGA:
Assignments/Problem Sets – 10%
Long Quiz 1 – 22.5%
Long Quiz 2 – 22.5%
Major Exam – 30%
Class Participation – 10%
Attendance – 5%
SEMESTRAL GRADE = (PG+MG+FG) / 3
Goodluck!!!