What are those lines above our heads?
High Voltage
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Whats going on?
Principals of Electricity Chapter 25
Electrical Systems and Materials Chapter 26
Electrical Systems and Materials Chapter 27
Electrical Wire Design Chapter 28
Whats going on?
Principals of Electricity Chapter 25
Circuits
AC vs DC power
A Circuit
Parallel
Series
Circuit
Parallel
Series
The electricity that reaches a
house or building from a power
company is .
AC power
and not
DC power
Understand the difference between DC
and AC power
Understand the different properties of AC
power
Be able to calculate the quantities of
these AC properties
Understand this is not a Heavy Metal rock
band.
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current
(AC)
Power Generation
Ohms Law
Impedance
An electric current that flows through a
circuit in only one direction, although the
rate of flow may vary
Most common household items and
appliances operate on DC power
2 Methods of
power generation:
Batteries that
convert chemical
energy into
electrical energy
Generator converts
mechanical energy
into electrical
energy
Ohms Law for Direct Current:
I=E/R
Where:
I = Current (Amperes)
E = Voltage (Volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
An Alternating Current (AC) system is an
electrical system in which voltage and
current are reversed periodically or
cyclically in the circuit
Nearly all power proved by electrical
companies in the U.S. is through AC
systems
What is the current flow in a 12-V DC
circuit containing a total resistance of 2
Ohms?
E = 12, R = 2
I= E/R
I = 12 / 2 = 6 Amperes
Simple
Generators
(alternators)
Stationary Windings
(conductors) Rotating
Coil
Voltage generated by a
conductors rotating in
a magnetic flux field Sine Wave of
Voltage
Or looking at it from this view
AC generators (large electromagnets) can
be built with much larger and powerful
voltage ratings than DC
Less expensive than DC to produce due to
the simplicity of the winding and brushes
Voltages can be stepped down or up
efficiently by the use of simple
transformers (induction principle)
DC voltages changes are obtained by the use of
resistors as a result have power losses
Current loss is very low and it can travel
long distances economically
Because current reverses its direction of
flow rapidly in an AC system, it has
unique properties
Reactance
Impedance
Ohms Law
There are two main advantages of AC
over DC:
Lower Generating Cost
Easier Voltage Transformations
In 1887 direct current (DC) was king.
121 Edison power stations scattered across the United
States delivering DC electricity
However DC had a great limitation
power plants could only send DC electricity about a mile
before the electricity began to lose power.
So when George Westinghouse introduced his system based
on high-voltage alternating current (AC), which could carry
electricity hundreds of miles with little loss of power, people
naturally took notice. A "battle of the currents" ensued. In
the end, Westinghouse's AC prevailed.
But this special feature isn't about the two electrical
systems and how they worked. Rather, it's a simple
explanation that shows the difference between AC and
DC.
George Westinghouse introduced his
system based on high-voltage alternating
current (AC)
This system could carry electricity
hundreds of miles with little loss of
power.
A "battle of the currents" ensued.
In the end, Westinghouse's AC prevailed.
You earthlings
.
Westinghouse
huh!
Review
AC dominant power system for buildings
DC needed for electronic equipment, TVs
computers etc. and special building
equipment such as elevators and industrial
equipment
Conversion
AC to DC and DC to AC
AC converted to DC is by a rectifier
DC converted to AC is by an inverter
Kick it up or kick it down
Change it from AC to DC
No, not
this type
of
transforme
r
Now were talkn!
Real transformers
This is exciting!
We could talk about actors
that work with
transformers
But that would be just to boring.
This has to be the cutest transformer
ever!
What a
piece of
beauty
Transformers
Residential
Residential
Mikaela ..is that a Delta
transformer
-or-
a Wye transformer?
3-Phase Power
Primarily found in Commercial Buildings
Delta
Wye
Commercial buildings use 3-phase power
3 hot wires carry motor loads, and
grounding is provided by the conduit
system
Large motors are equipped with starters
to control starting current and protect
from overloads
Residential uses single phase power
Commercial buildings use many panels to
subdivide current and protect individual
circuits
Separate panels are used for:
Lighting
Power
Emergency
Miscellaneous
Commercial lighting circuits differ from
their residential counterparts as follows:
Shared Neutral
More Amperes
Higher Voltage
Duplex outlets are NOT connected to lighting in
commercial
Commercial buildings all use 3-phase
power
Voltages are usually 480/277
Difference is the setup
Delta
Wye
A single phase generator is an alternator
with a single set armature coil producing
a single voltage waveform.
A three phase alternator has three sets
of coils spaced at 120o apart and
generates three sets of voltage
waveforms.
Neutral conductor High leg serves
is centered only 3-phase loads
between two-phase and cannot be used
conductors with the neutral
Neutral conductor Allows each phase
is connected to be used for
between all 3- single phase loads
phase conductors
Delta is usually used in
industrial applications
Wye is typical for office
buildings and shopping centers
Now we need to
discuss reactance,
inductive reactance,
and impedance
The opposition to alternating current due to
capacitance (capacitive reactance) or
inductance (inductive reactance).
What does that mean?
Reactance is of two types: Inductive
and Capacitive.
Inductive reactance is associated with
the magnetic field that surrounds a wire
or a coil carrying a current.
An alternating current in such a
conductor, or inductor, sets up an
alternating magnetic field that in turn
affects the current in, and the voltage
(potential difference) across, that part of
the circuit
Alternating current induces an
alternating magnetic field in the coil
that increases the opposition to the
flow of current.
This magnetic field, and the inductive
reactance that arises from it, is amplified
by the presence of the iron core in the
coil, so that the electrical reactance
(combined with the resistance) becomes
so great that an inadequate current
supply reaches the lamps.
Can you think of an example of Inductive
Reactance in your apartment or home?
A dimmer switch
Loudspeakers have impedances of 8 ohms, 6
ohms or 4 ohms (those are "nominal" or
approximate values, because the impedance
of a speaker changes all the time with the
different frequencies of music)*
Ok so what this still does not explain
impedance
First impedance has nothing to do with
sound quality*
In a loudspeaker, current does all the
work; voltage is the "push" behind the
current, kind of similar to the way water
pressure (voltage) forces the water
(current) through a hose. *
If you have a narrow hose (a high
impedance), not as much water (current)
flows. Use a larger diameter hose (lower
resistance) and more water (current)
flows.*
If speaker impedance is too low, too
much current will run through the AV
receiver's output transistors, causing the
receiver to overheat and shut down*.
* Speaker Impedance and Ohms Explained by Alan Lofft
you do not want your speaker cables to
raise impedance or resistance and waste
your AV receiver's power on its way to
your speakers.*
Use 12-gauge speaker cables between
the receiver and speakers to eliminate
problems of increased resistance.
Ohm's Law states: In an electrical circuit,
current flow is directly proportional to
voltage and inversely proportional to
impedance
So now you know
Basic Electricity ?
Who Cares