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Microbiology Unit IV Study Guide

This document contains a study guide with questions and answers about microbiology. It covers topics like the definition of health and disease, different disease factors, emergent diseases, ecological diseases, sick building syndrome symptoms, chemical reactions, LD50 values, acute vs chronic effects, bacterial and viral structures and replication, different types of protists, and more. The questions range from short definitions to explanations of concepts.

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13 views98 pages

Microbiology Unit IV Study Guide

This document contains a study guide with questions and answers about microbiology. It covers topics like the definition of health and disease, different disease factors, emergent diseases, ecological diseases, sick building syndrome symptoms, chemical reactions, LD50 values, acute vs chronic effects, bacterial and viral structures and replication, different types of protists, and more. The questions range from short definitions to explanations of concepts.

Uploaded by

owls_1102
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unit IV Study Guide Questions

Microbiology
• Study the review questions found in Word
file, Review Questions Microbiology (KEY)
Question 1

1. Define health.

• Health - A state of complete physical,


mental, and social well-being.
Question 2

2. Define disease.

• Disease - A deleterious change in the


body’s condition in response to an
environmental factor.
Question 3

3. What are three disease factors?

Diet and nutrition, infectious agents,


toxic chemicals, physical factors, and
psychological stress all contribute to
disease.
Question 4

• Define emergent disease and give two


examples.

• An emergent disease is one never


known before, or has been absent for at
least 20 years.
• Foot and Mouth Disease
• Ebola
Question 5

• Give two examples of ecological diseases.


– Distemper (Seals)
– Chronic Wasting Disease (Deer and Elk)
• Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
– Black Band Disease (Coral)
Question 6

• 6. What are some symptoms of the “sick


building” syndrome?

– Headaches, allergies, and chronic


fatigue caused by poorly ventilated
indoor air contaminated by molds,
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
other toxic chemicals.
Question 7

• 7. Define antagonistic reaction (chemical).

• Antagonistic Reaction - One material


interferes with the effects, or stimulates
the breakdown, of other chemicals.
(Aluminum ions remove phosphate ions
from solution)
Question 8

• 8. Define: LD50.

– LD50 - Dose at which 50% of the test population is


sensitive (dies).
Question 9

• 9. What is the EPA’s definition of


“acceptable risk”?

• EPA generally assumes 1 in 1 million is


acceptable risk for environmental hazards.
Question 10

10. Contrast acute vs. chronic effects.

• Acute Effects - Caused by a single exposure


and result in an immediate health problem.
• Chronic Effects - Long-lasting. Can be
result of single large dose or repeated
smaller doses.
Question 1

• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a ____


______?
Answer 1

• 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a


nuclear membrane or nucleus.
Question 2

• 2. ______ are infectious agents or


particles, but not “true organisms”.
Answer 2

• 2. Viruses are infectious agents or


particles, but not “true organisms”.
Question 3

• 3. _____ are used for bacterial locomotion


and ______ are employed for cell to cell
attachment.
Answer 3

• 3. Flagella are used for bacterial


locomotion and pili are employed for cell
to cell attachment.
Question 4

• 4. Identify this cell shape.


Answer 4

• 4. Identify this cell shape.

• Coccus (spherical)
Question 5

• 5. Identify this cell shape.


Answer 5

• 5. Identify this cell shape.


• Bacillus (rod shaped)
Question 6

• 6. Identify this cell type.


Answer 6

• 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum


Question 7

• 7. Name two major types of


archaebacteria (there are 3 types).
Answer 7

• 7. Name two major types of


archaebacteria (there are 3 types).

• Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and


extreme halophiles (any two)
Question 8

• 8. Describe a typical bacterial


“chromosome”.
Answer 8

• 8. Describe a typical bacterial


“chromosome”.

• It is composed of a single circular DNA


molecule.
Question 9

• 9. What are plasmids?


Answer 9

• 9. What are plasmids?

• Plasmids are very small circular bits of


DNA which can be transferred from one
cell to another via conjugation.
Question 10

• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of


about _____ species of bacteria.
Answer 10

• 10. The “normal” human flora consists of


about 200 species of bacteria.
Question 11

• 11. E. coli normally lives in the ______ of


vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Answer 11

• 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines


of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.
Question 12

• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as


well as others) rarely cause “______
_______”.
Answer 12

• 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as


well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing
fasciitis”.
Question 13

• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,


a dangerous form, was associated with
____ __ __ ____ hamburgers as well as
the ____ _____ incident in Cobb county,
GA.
Answer 13

• 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,


a dangerous form, was associated with
Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the
White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.
Question 14

• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer


______ coat with an interior core of
________ _______.
Answer 14

• 14. Viruses are composed of an outer


protein coat with an interior core of
nucleic acid.
Question 15

• 15. HIV is a(n) _______ virus.


Answer 15

• 15. HIV is a(n) enveloped (or RNA) virus.


Question 16

• 16. Identify this type of virus.


Answer 16

• 16. Identify this type of virus. helical


Answer 17

• 17. Identify this type of virus. complex


Question 18

• 18. Name the two modes of viral


replication.
Answer 18

• 18. Name the two modes of viral


replication. Lytic and lysogenic
Question 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may


have a long “latent” (resting) period?
Question 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may


have a long “latent” (resting) period?
Answer 19

• 19. Of the two modes which one may


have a long “latent” (resting) period?

• lysogenic
Question 20

• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?


Answer 20

• 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?

• liver
Question 21

• 21. Which water born virus may attack


and kill motor neurons (nerves)?
Answer 21

• 21. Which water born virus may attack


and kill motor neurons (nerves)?

• polio
Question 22

• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles


of ______.
Answer 22

• 22. Viroids are “naked” strands or circles


of RNA.
Question 23

• 23. Viroids are known to only infect


_______.
Answer 23

• 23. Viroids are known to only infect plants.


Question 24

• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of


________.
Answer 24

• 24. Prions are composed exclusively of


proteins.
Question 25

• 25. ____ ____ _____ is a disease that is


caused by a prion. It is found in farm
animals and there is a human form.
Answer 25

• 25. Mad cow disease is a disease that is


caused by a prion. It is found in farm
animals and there is a human form.
Question 26

• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.


• State two differences:
Answer 26

• 26. Protistans differ from prokaryotes.


• State two differences:
• Protistans have: a membrance bound
nucleus; organelles such as mitochondria,
chloroplasts; microtubules; mitosis and
meiosis
• Prokaryotes lack these structures.
Question 27

• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally


known as:
Answer 27

• 27. Animal-like protistans are informally


known as:
• Protozoa
Question 28

• 28. Which of the following is (are)


mismatched?

• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans


• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as
sporazoans
• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates
Answer 28

• 28. Which of the following is (are)


mismatched?

• Sarcodina – amoeboid protozoans


• Ciliophora – parasitic heterotrophs such as
sporazoans
• Mastigophora – animal-like flagellates
Question 29

• 29. Amoeba move by means of


cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)
Answer 29

• 29. Amoeba move by means of


cilia/pseudopods/flagella. (Choose one)
Question 30

• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses”


made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or
some silica and others calcium carbonate.
(choose one)
Answer 30

• 30. “Shelled” Amoebas have “houses”


made from silica/calcium carbonate/ or
some silica and others calcium carbonate.
(choose one)
Question 31

• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living;


none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter
example)
Answer 31

• 31. True/false. All amoebas are free-living;


none are parasitic. (If false, give a counter
example)

• False. Some freshwater types can invade


the brain and cause death. Others are
internal parasites.
Question 32

• 32. What is name for the phylum which


contains ciliates such as Paramecium?
Answer 32

• 32. What is name for the phylum which


contains ciliates such as Paramecium?

• Ciliophora
Question 33

• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei.


Name them.
Answer 33

• 33. Ciliates have two types of nuclei.


Name them.
• Macronuclei and micronuclei
Question 34

• 34. What is the name for the process


where ciliates exchange micronuclei?
Answer 34

• 34. What is the name for the process


where ciliates exchange micronuclei?

• conjugation
Question 35

• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both ______ and


_______.
Answer 35

• 35. Ciliates use cilia for both locomotion


and feeding.
Question 36

• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the


phylum ________.
Answer 36

• 36. Animal-like flagellates belong to the


phylum Mastigophora.
Question 37

• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause


health or environmental problems.
Answer 37

• 37. Name two flagellates that may cause


health or environmental problems.

• Trypanosomes, Trichamonas, and /or


dinoflagellates (red tide organisms)
Question 38

• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic.


There are many different species including
the malarial organisms. _____
Answer 38

• 38. All of these organisms are parasitic.


There are many different species including
the malarial organisms. sporazoans
Question 39

• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid


contact with cats?
Answer 39

• 39. Why should pregnant women avoid


contact with cats? Cats are vectors of the
sporazoan, Toxaplasma. Infection of
pregnant women can cause harm or even
death to the fetus.
Question 40

• 40. Why should pregnant women avoid


contact with cats?
Answer 40

• 40. What is the vector of the malarial


organism? Female mosquitoes
Question 41

• 41. To what phylum does Euglena and its


relatives belong?
Answer 41

• 41. To what phylum do Euglena and its


relatives belong?

• Euglenophyta
Question 42

• 42. What type of algae live in “glass


houses” and are important primary
producers?
Answer 42

• 42. What type of algae live in “glass


houses” and are important primary
producers?

• diatoms
Question 43

• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae


most closely resemble green plants?
Answer 43

• 43. What major group (phyla) of algae


most closely resemble green plants?

• Green algae (Chlorophyta)

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