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tahu
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tahu tidak tahu.
Another name Mode of instruction
It means environments for learning consist
of various communication media arranged
as to perform their several functions by
interaction with the students.
The particular arrangement of these media
may have in relation with the students
called modes of instruction or Instructional
methods or teaching methods.
Do the Instructional methods and
teaching methods mean the same
thing?
Yes, although some may argue otherwise
Direct and indirect instruction are two main
categories that many educators find useful
for classifying teaching methods
Any instructional method a teacher uses
has advantages, disadvantages, and
requires some preliminary preparation
Often times, a particular teaching method
will naturally flow into another
All within the same lesson
Excellent teachers have developed the skills
to make the process seamless to the
students
Instructional method is "right" for a
particular lesson depends on many things
Among them are the age and
developmental level of the students
What the students already know
What they need to know to succeed with
the lesson
The subject-matter content
The objective of the lesson
The available people, time, space and
material resources
The physical setting
More difficult problem is to select an
instructional method that best fits one's
particular teaching style and the lesson-
situation
No one "right" method for teaching a
particular lesson, but there are some
criteria that pertain to each that can help a
teacher make the best decision possible
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Very specific learning Can stifle teacher Content must be
targets. creativity. organized in advance.
Students are told Requires well-organized Teacher should have
reasons why content is content preparation and information about
important - helps to good oral communication student prerequisites for
clarify lesson objective. skills. the lesson.
Relatively easy to Steps must be followed
measure student gains. in prescribed order.
Is a widely accepted May not be effective for
instructional method. higher-order thinking
Good for teaching skills, depending on the
specific facts and basic knowledge base and skill
skills. of the teacher.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Helps foster mutual Some students don't Decide what skills or
responsibility. work well this way. knowledge are to be
Supported by Loners find it hard to learned.
research as an share answers. Requires some time to
effective technique. Aggressive students prepare students. to
Students learn to be try to take over. learn how to work in
patient, less critical Bright students tend to groups.
and more act superior.
compassionate.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Factual material is Proficient oral skills There should be a
presented in a are necessary. clear introduction and
Audience is often summary.
direct, logical passive. Effectiveness related
manner. Learning is difficult to to time and scope of
May provide gauge. content.
experiences that Communication is Is always audience
inspire one-way. specific; often includes
Not appropriate for examples, anecdotes.
- useful for large children below grade
groups. 4.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Involves students, Time constraints may Teacher should be
at least after the affect discussion prepared to allow
opportunities.
lecture. Effectiveness is
questions during
Students can connected to lecture, as
question, clarify appropriate questions appropriate.
and challenge. and discussion; often Teacher should
Lecture can be requires teacher to also anticipate
"shift gears" quickly.
interspersed with difficult questions
discussion. and prepare
appropriate
responses in
advance.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Experts present Personalities may Teacher coordinates
different opinions. overshadow content. focus of panel,
Can provoke better Experts are often not introduces and
discussion than a one effective speakers. summarizes.
person discussion. Subject may not be in Teacher briefs panel.
Frequent change of logical order.
speaker keeps Not appropriate for
attention from lagging. elementary age
students.
Logistics can be
troublesome.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Listening exercise that Can be unfocused. Teacher selects issue.
allows creative Needs to be limited to Teacher must be
thinking for new ideas. 5 - 7 minutes. ready to intervene
Encourages full Students may have when the process is
participation because difficulty getting away hopelessly bogged
all ideas are equally from known reality. down.
recorded. If not managed well,
Draws on group's criticism and negative
knowledge and evaluation may occur.
experience. Value to students
Spirit of cooperation is depends in part on
created. their maturity level.
One idea can spark off
other ideas.
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Entertaining way Can raise too Need to obtain
of introducing many issues to and set up
content and have a focused equipment
raising issues discussion Effective only if
Usually keeps Discussion may teacher prepares
group's attention not have full for discussion after
Looks professional participation the presentation
Stimulates Most effective
discussion when following
discussion
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Pools ideas and Not practical with Requires careful
experiences from more that 20 students planning by teacher to
[Link] after a A few students can guide discussion
presentation, film or dominate Requires question
experience that needs Some students may outline
to be analyzed not participate
Allows everyone to Is time consuming
participate in an active Can get off the track
process
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Allows for Needs careful thought Need to prepare
participation of as to purpose of group specific tasks or
everyone Groups may get side questions for group to
Students often more tracked answer
comfortable in small
groups
Groups can reach
consensus
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Develops analytic and Students may not see Case must be clearly
problem solving skills relevance to own defined
Allows for exploration situation Case study must be
of solutions for Insufficient information prepared
complex issues can lead to
Allows student to inappropriate results
apply new knowledge Not appropriate for
and skills elementary level
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Introduces problem Some students may Teacher has to define
situation dramatically be too self-conscious problem situation and
Provides opportunity Not appropriate for roles clearly
for students to large groups Teacher must give
assume roles of Some students may very clear instructions
others and thus feel threatened
appreciate another
point of view
Allows for exploration
of solutions
Provides opportunity
to practice skills
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Allows students Can be used Teacher has to
to think for only for short prepare
themselves period of time handouts
without being
influenced by
others
Individual
thoughts can
then be shared
in large group
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Personalizes May not be a Contact
topic good speaker speakers and
Breaks down coordinate
audience's Introduce
stereotypes speaker
appropriately
Advantages Disadvantages Preparation
Opportunity to Students may not Teacher must
explore values be honest about carefully prepare
their values. exercise
and beliefs
Students may be Teacher must give
Allows students too self-conscious. clear instructions
to discuss Students may not Teacher must
values in a safe be able to prepare discussion
environment articulate their questions
Gives structure values in an
to discussion effective way.
Common
Essential
Learning
CBT : Computer Based Training
CBE : Computer Based Education
Receptive instruction is characterized by a lecture or an
Internet site the student is merely provided with information.
Directive instruction is characterized by a computer-based
tutorial where information is presented, the student responds,
feedback is provided and this tutorial learning cycle is repeated.
Guided Discovery is characterized by a computer simulation
that allows the student to manipulate some device or
environment.
Exploratory instruction is characterized by an open learning
environment in which the student is provided a rich, networked
database of information, examples, demonstrations, and
exercises from which the student can select whatever is
appropriate to their current needs and mental models.
Several variants of a multi-dimensional
model that allows categorization of various
computer-based pedagogical designs.
To compare one form of Computer-based-
education (CBE) with another or to compare
different implementations of the same form
of CBE.
Claim that Systematic evaluation of
computer-based education (CBE) in all its
various forms (including integrated learning
systems, interactive multimedia, interactive
learning environments, and microworlds
often lags behind development efforts
(Flagg, 1990). (Reeves, 1997)
1. Technological innovations advertized as
being effective are taken to be effective.
Shown by Industry spending more
money on marketing than on evaluation.
2. Decision makers are more interested in
numbers dealing with technology
investments, spread and quantitative use
of CBE/CBT in the school system.
3. Evaluation formats are inadequate, e.g.
evaluation reports are usually presented in
the format of social science research reports,
a format that "is almost useless for most
clients and audiences" (Scriven, 1993, p. 77)
4. Evaluators often compare the incomparable.
A major weakness in traditional empirical
approaches to evaluation is that the
treatments being compared (e.g., interactive
multimedia versus classroom instruction) are
often assumed to be cohesive, holistic
entities with meaningful differences
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