Week 15:
CS202 Exam Review
1
Topics covered in IS370
Introduction to Project Management
Context and Processes
Project Integration Management
Project Scope Management
Key Knowledge Areas
Project Time Management
Project Cost Management
Project Quality Management
Project HR Management
Communications Management
Project Risk Management
Project Procurement Management
Learning Objectives
Have knowledge of: Project management
methodologies, processes and techniques including
critical areas of scope management, time management,
cost management, quality management, risk
management, communication and human resource
management.
Have knowledge of: The scientific tools and techniques
(both qualitative and quantitative) which project managers
can use to improve the chances of success in their
projects
Have knowledge of: Common project management
software tools used by professionals in the Industry.
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Learning Objectives
Gain understanding of: How the knowledge in project
management areas should be applied and the
relationship exist between them
Gain understanding of: Factors contributing to effective
communication among all project stakeholders
Gain understanding of: The ongoing need for
continuing professional education & development
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Learning Objectives
Acquire skills for: Using project management tools,
techniques and methodologies effectively to ensure
project outcomes satisfy both the specified and the
expected requirements of the project stakeholders
Acquire skills for: Identifying problems that occur
during the implementation phase of projects and
developing strategies to address the situation
Have developed attributes which allow students
to: Develop their own conceptual framework to assist
them in the interaction with their colleagues and other
stakeholders towards the success of all future
projects in which they may be involved
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Context of your learning
Process Project Quality
Management
Groups
Risk
Managerial Management
Initiating Cost
Management
Planning Technical Time
Management
Scope
Executing Management
Context
HR
Controlling Management
Communication
Project Integration Management
Closing
Procurement
Project Management Tools Management
Proce
ss
Learning Objectives Grou
ps
Describe the five project management process groups,
the typical level of activity for each, and the interactions
among them
Understand how the project management process
groups relate to the project management knowledge
areas
Discuss how organizations develop information
technology project management methodologies to meet
their needs
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Proce
Project Management ss
Grou
Process Groups ps
Project management can be viewed as a number of
interlinked processes
The project management process groups include
initiating processes
planning processes
executing processes
controlling processes
closing processes
Managerial
Planning ? Risk
Technical Management
Context
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Proce
ss
Grou
ps
9 ,
Proce
ss
Grou
ps
10 IT Project Management, Third Edition Chapter 3
Executi
Learning Objectives on
Understand the concept, development, implementation,
and close-out phases of the project life cycle
Distinguish between project development and product
development
Discuss the unique attributes and diverse nature of
information technology projects
List the skills and attributes of a good project manager in
general and in the information technology field
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A Systems View of Project Executi
on
Management
A systems approach emerged in the 1950s to describe a
more analytical approach to management and problem
solving
Three parts include:
Systems philosophy: View things as systems,
interacting components working within an environment to
fulfill some purpose
Systems analysis: problem-solving approach
Systems management: Address business,
technological, and organizational issues before making
changes to systems
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What Helps Projects Executi
Succeed? on
According to the Standish Groups report, the
following items help IT projects succeed, in order
of importance:
Executive support
User involvement
Experienced project manager
Clear business objectives
Minimized scope
Standard software infrastructure
Firm basic requirements
Formal methodology
Reliable estimates
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Executi
Product Life Cycles on
Products also have life cycles
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
is a framework for describing the phases
involved in developing and maintaining
information systems
Systems development projects can follow
predictive models: the scope of the project can be clearly
articulated and the schedule and cost can be predicted
adaptive models: projects are mission driven and component
based, using time-based cycles to meet target dates
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Executi
Distinguishing Project Life Cycles and
on
Product Life Cycles
The project life cycle applies to all projects, regardless
of the products being produced
Product life cycle models vary considerably based on
the nature of the product
Most large IT systems are developed as a series of
projects
Project management is done in all of the product life
cycle phases
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Executi
RUP process architecture on
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Suggested Skills for a Project Executi
on
Manager
Communication skills: listening, persuading
Organizational skills: planning, goal-setting, analyzing
Team Building skills: empathy, motivation, esprit de
corps
Leadership skills: set examples, be energetic, have
vision (big picture), delegate, be positive
Coping skills: flexibility, creativity, patience, persistence
Technological skills: experience, project knowledge
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Learning Objectives Integrati
on
Describe an overall framework for project integration
management as it relates to the other project management
knowledge areas and the project life cycle
Describe project plan development, including project plan
content, using guidelines and templates for developing plans,
and performing a stakeholder analysis to help manage
relationships
Explain project plan execution, its relationship to project
planning, the factors related to successful results, and tools and
techniques to assist in project plan execution
Understand the integrated change control process, planning for
and managing changes on information technology projects, and
developing and using a change control system
Describe how software can assist in project integration
management
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Integrati
on
The Key to Overall Project Success:
Good Project Integration Management
Project managers must coordinate all of the other
knowledge areas throughout a projects life cycle
Many new project managers have trouble looking at the
big picture and want to focus on too many details
Project integration management is not the same thing as
software integration
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Integrati
on
Project Integration Management Processes
Project Plan Development: taking the results of other
planning processes and putting them into a consistent,
coherent documentthe project plan
Project Plan Execution: carrying out the project plan
Integrated Change Control: coordinating changes across
the entire project
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Executi
Project Plan Development on
A project plan is a document used to coordinate all
project planning documents
Its main purpose is to guide project execution
Project plans assist the project manager in leading the
project team and assessing project status
Project performance should be measured against a
baseline plan
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Executi
Stakeholder Analysis on
A stakeholder analysis documents important (often
sensitive) information about stakeholders such as
stakeholders names and organizations
roles on the project
unique facts about stakeholders
level of influence and interest in the project
suggestions for managing relationships
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Integrated Change Executi
on
Control Process
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Change Control on Information Technology Executi
on
Projects
Former view: The project team should strive to do
exactly what was planned on time and within budget
Problem: Stakeholders rarely agreed up-front on the
project scope, and time and cost estimates were
inaccurate
Modern view: Project management is a process of
constant communication and negotiation
Solution: Changes are often beneficial, and the
project team should plan for them
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Executi
Suggestions for Managing Integrated
on
Change Control
View project management as a process of constant
communications and negotiations
Plan for change
Establish a formal change control system, including a
Change Control Board (CCB)
Use good configuration management
Define procedures for making timely decisions on
smaller changes
Use written and oral performance reports to help
identify and manage change
Use project management and other software to help
manage and communicate changes
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Learning Objectives Scope
Discuss the scope definition process and construct a
work breakdown structure using the analogy, top-
down, bottom-up, and mind mapping approaches
Understand the importance of scope verification and
scope change control to avoid scope creep on
information technology projects
Describe how software can assist in project scope
management
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Scope
Scope Verification and Scope Change Control
It is very difficult to create a good scope statement
and WBS for a project
It is even more difficult to verify project scope and
minimize scope changes
Many IT projects suffer from scope creep and poor
scope verification
FoxMeyer Drug filed for bankruptcy after scope creep on a robotic
warehouse
21st Century Insurance Group wasted a lot of time and money on a
project that could have used off-the-shelf components
What factors might present
problems for a WBS and
consequently the Project??
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Learning Objectives
Scope
Understand the importance of project schedules and
good project time management
Define activities as the basis for developing project
schedules
Describe how project managers use network diagrams
and dependencies to assist in activity sequencing
Explain how various tools and techniques help project
managers perform activity duration estimating and
schedule development
Use a Gantt chart for schedule planning and tracking
schedule information
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IS370 Project Management Dr Pat Halloran
PERT Formula and Example Scope
PERT weighted average formula:
optimistic time + 4X most likely time + pessimistic time
6
Example:
PERT weighted average =
8 workdays + 4 X 10 workdays + 24 workdays = 12 days
6
where 8 = optimistic time, 10 = most likely time, and 24 =
pessimistic time
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IS370 Project Management Dr Pat Halloran
Simple Example of Scope
Determining the Critical Path
Consider the following project network diagram.
Assume all times are in days.
C=2 4 E=1
A=2 B=5
start 1 2 3 6 finish
D=7 5 F=2
a. How many paths are on this network diagram?
b. How long is each path?
c. Which is the critical path?
d. What is the shortest amount of time needed to complete this
project?
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IS370 Project Management Dr Pat Halloran
Determining the Critical Path for Scope
Project X
a. How many paths are on this network diagram?
b. How long is each path?
c. Which is the critical path?
d. What is the shortest amount of time needed to complete this
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project?IS370 Project Management Dr Pat Halloran
Words of Caution on Using Scope
Project Management Software
Many people misuse project management software
because they dont understand important concepts
and have not had good training
You must enter dependencies to have dates adjust
automatically and to determine the critical path
You must enter actual schedule information to
compare planned and actual progress
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IS370 Project Management Dr Pat Halloran
Executi
Quick Review on
THE SEVEN PHASES OF A PROJECT
1. Wild enthusiasm
2. Planning
3. Disillusionment
4. Fear / Panic / Chaos
5. Search for the guilty
6. Punishment of the innocent
7. Praise and Honors for the Non-Participants
Over the Life of a Executi
Project on
0.40
0.35
Conflict Intensity
0.30
Schedules
0.25 Average
Total Conflict
Priorities
Manpower
0.20 Technical opinions
Procedures
0.15 Cost
Personality conflicts
0.10
0.05
0.00
Project Early Phases Middle Phases End Phases
Formation
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Learning Objectives Quality
Understand the importance of project quality management
for information technology products and services
Define project quality management and understand how
quality relates to various aspects of information technology
projects
Describe quality planning and its relationship to project
scope management
Discuss the importance of quality assurance
Describe how leadership, cost, organizational influences,
and maturity models relate to improving quality in
information technology projects
Discuss how software can assist in project quality
management
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Quality
Project Quality Management Processes
Quality planning: identifying which quality standards are
relevant to the project and how to satisfy them
Quality assurance: evaluating overall project
performance to ensure the project will satisfy the
relevant quality standards
Quality control: monitoring specific project results to
ensure that they comply with the relevant quality
standards while identifying ways to improve overall
quality
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Shewhart Cycle (Deming) Quality
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Quality
Improving Information Technology Project
Quality
Several suggestions for improving quality for IT
projects include
Leadership that promotes quality
Understanding the cost of quality
Focusing on organizational influences and
workplace factors that affect quality
Following maturity models to improve quality
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HR
Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of good human resource
management on projects, especially on information
technology projects
Define project human resource management and
understand its processes
Summarize key concepts for managing people by
understanding the theories of Abraham Maslow,
Frederick Herzberg, David McClelland, and Douglas
McGregor on motivation, H. J. Thamhain and D. L.
Wilemon on influencing workers, and Stephen Covey
on how people and teams can become more
effective
39 -
Learning Objectives HR
Discuss organizational planning and be able to create
a project organizational chart, responsibility
assignment matrix, and resource histogram
Understand important issues involved in project staff
acquisition and explain the concepts of resource
assignments, resource loading, and resource leveling
Assist in team development with training, team-building
activities, and reward systems
Describe how project management software can assist
in project human resource management
40 -
What is Project Human HR
Resource Management?
Project human resource management includes the
processes required to make the most effective use of
the people involved with a project.
Processes include
Organizational planning
Staff acquisition
Team development
41 -
Keys to Managing People HR
Psychologists and management theorists have devoted
much research and thought to the field of managing
people at work
Important areas related to project management include
motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic)
influence and power
effectiveness
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-
HR
Project Resource Management Involves
Much More Than Using Software
Project managers must
Treat people with consideration and respect
Understand what motivates them
Communicate carefully with them
Focus on your goal of enabling project team
members to deliver their best work
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Commu
Learning Objectives nicatio
ns
Understand the importance of good communication on
projects and describe the major components of a
communications management plan
Discuss the elements of project communications planning,
including information distribution, performance reporting, and
administrative closure
Discuss various methods for project information distribution
and the advantages and disadvantages of each
Understand individual communication needs and how to
determine the number of communications channels needed
for a project
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Importance of Good Commu
nicatio
Communications ns
The greatest threat to many projects is a
failure to communicate
Our culture does not portray IT
professionals as being good
communicators
Research shows that IT professionals
must be able to communicate effectively
to succeed in their positions
Strong verbal skills are a key factor in
career advancement for IT professionals
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Commu
Project Communications Management nicatio
Processes ns
Communications planning:
determining the information and
communications needs of the
stakeholders
Information distribution: making
needed information available in a
timely manner
Performance reporting: collecting
and disseminating performance
information
Administrative closure: generating,
gathering, and disseminating
information to formalize phase or
project completion
46
Commu
nicatio
Suggestions for Improving Project
ns
Communications
Manage conflicts effectively
Develop better communication skills
Run effective meetings
Use e-mail effectively
Use templates for project communications
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Developing a Communications Commu
nicatio
Infrastructure ns
A communications infrastructure is a set of tools, techniques,
and principles that provide a foundation for the effective
transfer of information
Tools include e-mail, project management software,
groupware, fax machines, telephones, teleconferencing
systems, document management systems, and word
processors
Techniques include reporting guidelines and templates,
meeting ground rules and procedures, decision-making
processes, problem-solving approaches, and conflict
resolution and negotiation techniques
Principles include using open dialog and an agreed upon
work ethir
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Learning Objectives RISK
Understand what risk is and the importance of good
project risk management
Discuss the elements involved in risk management
planning
List common sources of risks on information technology
projects
Describe the risk identification process and tools and
techniques to help identify project risks
Discuss the qualitative risk analysis process and explain
how to calculate risk factors, use probability/impact
matrixes, the Top Ten Risk Item Tracking technique, and
expert judgment to rank risks
,
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Learning Objectives RISK
Explain the quantify risk analysis process and how to use
decision trees and simulation to quantitative risks
Provide examples of using different risk response planning
strategies such as risk avoidance, acceptance,
transference, and mitigation
Discuss what is involved in risk monitoring and control
Describe how software can assist in project risk
management
Explain the results of good project risk management
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What is Project Risk RISK
Management?
The goal of project risk management is to minimize potential risks
while maximizing potential opportunities. Major processes include
Risk management planning: deciding how to approach and plan
the risk management activities for the project
Risk identification: determining which risks are likely to affect a
project and documenting their characteristics
Qualitative risk analysis: characterizing and analyzing risks and
prioritizing their effects on project objectives
Quantitative risk analysis: measuring the probability and
consequences of risks
Risk response planning: taking steps to enhance opportunities and
reduce threats to meeting project objectives
Risk monitoring and control: monitoring known risks, identifying
new risks, reducing risks, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk
reduction
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Procure
Learning Objectives ment
Understand the importance of project procurement
management and the increasing use of outsourcing for
information technology projects
Describe the procurement planning process,
procurement planning tools and techniques, types of
contracts, and statements of work
Discuss what is involved in solicitation planning and the
difference between a request for proposal and a request
for quote
Explain what occurs during the solicitation process
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Procure
Learning Objectives ment
Describe the source selection process and different
approaches for evaluating proposals or selecting
suppliers
Discuss the importance of good contract
administration
Describe the contract close-out process
Discuss types of software available to assist in project
procurement management
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Procure
Importance of Project Procurement
ment
Management
Procurement means acquiring goods and/or services
from an outside source
Other terms include purchasing and outsourcing
Worldwide information technology outsourcing market
exceeds $300 billion
U.S. federal spending on IT outsourcing is projected to
increase from $6.6 billion in 2002 to nearly $79 billion by
2010due to an emphasis on e-government, homeland
security, and the shortage of IT workers in government
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