+

BKF1513
INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Chap 7
Basic Calculation in
Engineering
1
+ What are in this chapter?
Unit and Dimensions
Conversion of units
Mass, moles and composition
Temperature and pressure
Volume, density and concentration
Flowrates
Introduction to process flow diagrams
+
Think ?
Answer the following questions YES or NO. Can you
a) Divide ft by s?
YES
b) Divide m by cm?
YES
c) Multiply ft by s?
YES
d) Divide ft by cm?
YES
e) Add ft and s?
NO
f) Subtract m and (deg) K?
NO
g) Add cm and m2?
NO
h) Add 1 and 2 cm?
NO
+
Units and Dimensions

Dimensions are:
Properties that can be measured such as length, time, mass,
temperature.
Properties that can calculated by multiplying or dividing other
dimensions, such as velocity (length/time), volume, density.
Units are used for expressing the dimensions
such as feet (ft) or meter (m) for length,
hours/seconds (hr/s) for time.
Contain significant amount of information
+
Conversion of Units
A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of
any units having the appropriate dimension.
To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit
to equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the
given quantity by the conversion factor.
Conversion factor a ratio of equivalent values of a
quantity expressed in different units.
Let say to convert 36 mg to gram

36 mg 1g = 0.036 g
1000 mg 0.001 is a
conversion
factor
+ Conversion Factor 6

SMS2011
+ Dimensional Equation

To convert a quantity with a unit to its

equivalent in term of other units, set up a
dimensional equation:
a) Write the given quantity and units on left
b) Write the units of conversion factors that
cancel the old unit and replace them with the
desired unit
c) Fill the value of the conversion factors
d) Carry out the arithmetic value
+ Dimensional Equation

Convert 1 cm/s2 to km/yr2

1 cm s2 h2 day2 m km
s2 h2 day2 yr2 cm m

1 cm 36002 s2 242 h2 3652 1m 1 km

day2
s2 12 h2 12 day2 12 yr2 100 cm 1000 m

36002 x 242 x 3652 km

= 9.95 x 109 km/ yr 2
100 x 1000 yr 2
+ Dimensional Equation

Convert 8 mm2 to in2?

8 mm2 (39.37)2 in2 = 0.01240 in2

(1000)2
mm2
+
Dimensional Equation
Convert 4 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3

4 kg m3 lbm
m3 ft3 kg

4 kg 0.028317 m3 1 lbm
m3 1 ft3 0.453593 kg

4 x 0.028317 x 1 lbm
= 0.2497 lbm/ft3
1x 0.453593 ft3
+
Dimensional Equation
Nanotechnology is the generic term that refer to the
synthesis and application of such small particles. An
example of a semiconductor is ZnS with a particle
diameter of 1.8nm. Meanwhile, our 5 cent coin has a
diameter of 16mm. How many times 5 cent coin is bigger
than this nano particle?
+
Systems of Units
Base units - units for the dimensions of mass,
length, time, temperature, electrical current, and
light intensity.
Multiple units- multiple or fractions of base unit.
E.g.: for time can be hours, millisecond, year,
etc.
Derived units - units that are obtained in one or
two ways;
a) By multiplying and dividing base units; also referred to
as compound units. Eg.: ft/min (velocity), cm2(area),
kg.m/s2 (force)
b) As defined equivalent of compound unit. (Newton = 1
kg.m/s2)
+
Systems of Units
+
Base Units
+
Multiple SI Units

Prefix Factor
tera (T) 10 12
giga (G) 10 9
mega (M) 10 6
kilo (k) 10 3
centi (c) 10 -2
milli (m) 10 -3
micro () 10 -6
nano (n) 10 -9
+
Derived SI Units

Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent to the Base

Unit
Volume Liter L 0.001 m3 = 1000 cm3

Force Newton (SI) N 1 kg m s-2

Dyne (CGS) 1 g cm s-2
Pressure Pascal Pa 1 N m-2
Energy/ Work Joule J 1 N m = 1 kg m2 s-2
Calorie cal 4.184 J = 4.184 kg m2 s-2

Power Watt W 1 J s-1 = 1 kg.m2 s-3

+
Chemical Composition
+
Moles
Moles Latin word mean heap or pile
Definition by 1969 International Committee on Weights and
Measures
the amount of substance that contains as many elementary
entities (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) (6.022 x 10 23) as
there are atoms in 0.012kg of carbon-12 (12C)
Formula : moles = mass/molecular weight
Unit : g-mole, kmol, lb-mole etc.
(g-mole is same as mol )
One g-mole of any species contains 6.02 x 1023 (Avogadros
number) molecules of that species.
+
Molecular Weight
Molecular weight of compound- sum of the atomic weights of
atoms that constitute a molecule of the compound.
Atomic weight of element- mass of an atom based on carbon
isotope 12C.
If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then there are M
kg/kmol, M g/mol, and M lbm/lb-mole of this substance.
At 1 mol of a substance, its mass in gram is equal to its
molecular weight. Eg. CO has molecular weight of 28.
Hence, at 1 mol, mass of CO is 28 g. At 1 kmol, mass of CO
is 28 kg.
+
Average Molecular Weight
The average molecular weight is mean molecular weight
of a mixture (kg/kmol, lbm/lb-mole, etc.).

If yi is the mole fraction of the component i of the mixture

and Mi is the molecular weight:
M y1M1 y2M2 ..... yM i i
all c omponent

If xi is the mass fraction of the component i of the mixture

and Mi is the molecular weight:
1 x1 x2 xi

M M1 M2
.....
all c omponentMi
+
Mass and Mole Fractions
Process streams consist of mixtures of liquids or gases,
or solutions of one or more solutes in a liquid solvents.
The following terms may be used to define the
composition of a mixture of substances, including a
species A.

Mass fraction: xA= mass of A / total mass

Unit: kg A/kg total; g A/g total; lbm A/lbm total

Mole fraction: yA= moles of A/ total moles

Unit: kmol A/kmol total; lb-moles A/lb-mole total
+
Exercise
2.4 kg of chlorine pass into a process every 3.1 minutes.
Calculate the molar flow rate of the chlorine in
kmol/hr?
+ 23

Exercises
a) What is molar flow rate for 100kg/h CO2 (M=44) fed
to the reactor?

b) What is corresponding mass flow rate of 850lb-

moles/min CO2?

c) How many gram of O2 consist in 100g of CO2?

d) Find number of molecules of CO2 in 100g of CO2?

+ Solution
24

a) What is molar flow rate for 100kg/h CO2 (M=44) fed to the
reactor?
100kg CO2 1 kmol CO2 = 2.27 kmol CO2
a)
h 44 kg CO2 h
b) What is corresponding mass flow rate of 850lb-moles/min CO2?
850 lb-moles CO2 44 lbm CO2 = 37 400 lbm CO2
b)
min 1 lb-moles CO2 min

c) How many gram of O2 consist in 100g of CO2?

100 g CO2 1mol CO2 1 mol O2 32 g O2 = 72.73 g O2
C)
44 g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol O2

d) Find number of molecules of CO2 in 100g of CO2?

100 g CO2 1mol CO2 6.02 x 1023 Molecules =
1.37 x 1024
d)
Molecules
44 g CO2 1 mol CO2

2005/2006 II
+
Exercise
A mixture of gases has the following mass composition:
O2 16%
CO 4%
CO2 17%
N2 63%
What is the molar composition?
+
Solution
4 steps to convert from mass fractions to moles
fractions:
1. Assuming as a basis of calculation a mass of the
mixture (e.g. 100 kg or 100 lbm).
2. Using the known mass fractions to calculate the
mass of each component in the basis quantity.
3. Convert these masses to moles using their
molecular weights.
4. Taking the ratio of the moles of each component
to the total number of moles.
+
Solution

Basis: 100g of mixture

Mass
Component Fraction Mass MW Moles Mole Fraction
i xi mi Mi ni yi
O2 0.16 16 32 0.500 0.152
CO 0.04 4 28 0.143 0.044
CO2 0.17 17 44 0.386 0.118
N2 0.63 63 28 2.250 0.686
Total 1.00 100 3.279 1.000
+
Group Discussion
If 100 lbm/min of A (MA=2) and 300
lbm/min of B (MB=3) flow through
pipes, find
a) Mass fractions of A and B
b) Mole fractions of A and B
c) Mass flow rate of A
d) Molar flow rate of B
e) Total mass flow rate
f) Total molar flow rate
+
Group Discussion
If 100 lbm/min of A (MA=2) and 300 lbm/min of B (MB=3)
flow through pipes, find
a) Mass fractions of A and B
0.25 lbm A/lbm; 0.75 lbm B/lbm
b) Mole fractions of A and B
0.333 mole A/mole; 0.667 mole B/mole
c) Mass flow rate of A
(100 lbm A/min)
d) Molar flow rate of B
(100 lb-mole B/min)
e) Total mass flow rate
(400 lbm/min)
f) Total molar flow rate
(150 lb-moles/min)
+
Concentration
Mass concentration mass of component A

Volume of mixture
Molar concentration
moles of component A

Volume of mixture
Molarity :

moles of component A

Molarity
Volume of mixture in Liter

+
Exercise
A 0.50 molar aqueous solution of sulfuric acid flows into
a process unit at a rate of 1.25 m3/min. The SG of the
solution is 1.03. calculate
a) the mass concentration of H 2SO4 in kg/m3,
b) the mass flow rate of H2SO4 in kg/s and
c) mass flow rate of solution d) the mass fraction of
H2SO4.
+ Parts per million (ppm)&
Parts per billion (ppb)

To express the concentrations of trace species in mixtures

of gases or liquids.
May refer to mass ratios (usual for liquids) or mole ratios
(usual for gases). How many parts (in gram or moles) of
the species are present per million or billion parts of the
mixture.

ppmi= yi x 106
ppbi = yi x 109

15 ppm SO2 in air meaning that:

every million moles of air contains 15 moles of SO 2
a.k.a. mole fractions of SO2 in air is 15 x 10-
+
More Exercise
1. commercial sulfuric acid is 98% H2SO4 and 2%
H2O. what is the mole ratio of H2SO4 to H2O?
2. a compound contains 50% sulfur and 50% oxygen
by mass. What is the constant x and y if it has an
empirical formula of SxOy
3. how many kg of activated carbon must be mixed
with 38 kg of sand so that the final mixture is 28%
activated carbon?
4. a gas mixture contains 40 lb of O2, 25 lb of SO2 ans
30 lb of SO3. What is the composition of the mixture
in mole fractions?
+
More Exercise
In the production of a drug having a MW of 192, the exit
stream from the reactor flows at a rate of 10.5 L/min.
The drug concentration is 41.2% (in water) and the SG
of the solution is 1.024. Calculate the concentration of
the drug in kg/L in the exit stream and the flow rate of
the drug in kmol/min.
+ Force and Weight
Force is proportional to product of
mass and acceleration (i.e.; F = m.a)
Usually defined using derived units ;
1 Newton (N) = 1 kg m s-2
1 dyne = 1 g cm s-2
1 Ibf = 32.174 Ibm ft s-2
Weight of an object is force exerted on
the object by gravitational attraction
of the earth i.e. force of gravity, g.
gc is used to denote the conversion
factor from a natural force unit to a
derived force unit.
+
Force and Weight - Example
Given the density of 2 ft3 water is 62.4 lbm/ft3.
At the sea level, the gravitational
acceleration is 32.174 ft/s2. What is the
weight of the water in lbf?

2 ft3 62.4 lbm 32.174 1 lbf

ft
ft3 s2 32.174 lbm ft
s-2
= 124.8 lbf
+
Volume and Density
Volume has dimension of [L3] i.e; cm3, m3, ft3

The following conversion to convert between different units

of volume;

1cm 1mL = 0.001L = 0.033814 [Link] (US) =

0.061023 in3 = 2.6418E-4 gallons(US) =
3.53E-5 ft3
1 liter(L) 1000 cm3 = 1dm3 = 0.001m3 = 61.02in3 =
[Link](US) = 0.2641 gallons (US) = 0.2199
gallons(UK)
1ft3 28316.8cm3 = 28.31L = 0.02831m3 =
1728in3 = 7.480 gallons(US)
1 barrel 42 gallon(US) = 1.333 barrels (US liquid) =
(oil) 5.614ft3 =0.1589m3
+
Density
Specific density is mass per volume [M/L3]
i.e; lb/ft3, kg/m3

Molar density in molar per volume on of [N/L3]

i.e; g mol/m3, lbmol/ft3

Specific gravity (SG) is the ratio of the specific density of a

substrate at the specific density of water at 40C.

Example;
What is the density of liquid benzene at 200C ? if SG of benzene is
0.8765 at 20 0C.

Answer :
The density water at 40C is 1.0g/cm3. therefore the density of liquid
benzene at 200C is 0.8765 g/cm3 = 54.72 lb/ft3
+
Density

The density of gases is strongly dependent on pressure and

temperature . The molar density of gases can be calculated

with reasonable accuracy from the ideal gas law.

n 1 P

V V RT
1
Specific volume and densities of gases often reported at

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) which is 00C and 1

atm
+
Temperature
Temperature of a substance in a particular state of
aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas) is a measure of the
average kinetic energy possessed by the substance
molecules.
Some temperature measuring devices: resistance
thermometer, thermocouple, pyrometer and
thermometer.
temperature conversion equation

T K T C 273.15

T R T F 459.67

T R 1.8T K
T F 1.8T C 32
+ Exercise

Calculate the interval temperature from 20F to 80F in C.

T(F) 32
T(C)
1.8
20 32
T1(20 F) C 6.7C
1.8
80 32
T2 (80 F) C 26.6C
1.8
T T2 T1 26.6 (6.7) 33.3C
 Pressure
A pressure is the ratio of a force to the area on which
the force acts (P= F/A).
Pressure units: N/m2, dynes/cm2, lbf/in2, psi, Pa.

Hydrostatic pressure of the fluid- the pressure P of the

fluid at the base of the column.

P P0 gh
Head - the height of a hypothetical column of the fluid
that would exert the given pressure at the top were
zero.
force
P fluid gPh head of fluid
area
+ Atmospheric, Absolute & Gauge
Pressure
The atmospheric pressure can be thought of as the
pressure at the base of a column of fluid (air) located
at the point measurement (e.g. at sea level).
A typical value of the atmospheric pressure at sea
level, 760.0 mm Hg, has been designated as a
standard pressure of 1 atmosphere.
Pressure-measuring devices give gauge pressure of
fluid.
A gauge pressure of zero indicated that the absolute
pressure (fluid pressure) is equal to atmospheric
pressure.
Relationship between absolute pressure and gauge
P P

P
pressure is: absolute gauge atmopheric
+
Fluid Pressure Measurement
Common pressure measurement devices
Bourdon gauge: hollow tube closed at one end and bent into a C
configuration.
Manometer: U-shaped tube partially filled with fluid of known
density.
Manometer configuration
open-end
differential
sealed end
When the ends of the tubes are exposed to different
pressures, the field level drops in the high pressure arm and
rise in the low pressure arm.
The pressures difference can be calculated from the
measured difference between the liquid level in each arm
+
Flow rate
Continuous process involve movement of
materials from one point to another with
certain rate.
Flow rate- the rate at which a material is
transported through a process line.
Flow rate can be expressed as :
mass flow rate (mass/time)
volumetric flow rate (volume/time)
molar flow rate (mol/time)
+
Flow rate
The density of a fluid can be used to convert a
known volumetric flow rate of a process
stream to the mass flow rate of that stream or
vice versa
Flow meter is a device mounted in a process
line that provides a continuous reading of the
flow rate in the line.
Two commonly used flow meter are rotameter
and orifice meter.

rotameter orifice meter

+
Exercise
40 gal/min of hydrocarbon fuel having a SG of 0.91 flow
into a tank truck with a load limit of 40 000 lb fuel.
How long will it take to fill the tank in the truck?
+ Introduction to Process flow
Diagram
The chemical process plant is a
physical facility in which the raw
materials undergo chemical and
physical changes in order to make the
desired product.
Chemical process can be classify in to
three methods ;
+ Process Classification
+
Continues Process
+ Process Flow Sheet
Generally the flow of materials through
a chemical process plant is shown
visually on process flow sheets.
Generally a chemical plant contains the
following processes;
- Feed preparation facilities
Reactor
Separators
Environmental control facilities
Product formulation facilities
Material transfer equipment
Energy transfer equipment
+ Types of Chemical Process
Flow Sheet
There are three types of process flow sheet
namely ;
Diagram Information

Input-output flow diagram -Raw materials

-Reaction stoichiometry
-Products
Block flow diagram -Everything above , plus
-Material balances
-Major process units
-Process unit performance specification

Process flow diagrams -Everything above , plus

(PFD) -Energy balance
-Process condition(T and P)
-Major process equipment specification
+
Example of Input output Flow Diagrams

200 g
mg
0.40 g MeOH/g
0.60 g H2O/g Mixing x g MeOH/g
150 g (1-x) g H2O/g

0.70 g MeOH/g
0.30 g H2O/g
+
Example of Block Diagram
+
Example of PFD
+
+
Example of typical process equipment
icons in PFD
 58

Introduction to Chemical Engineering (BKF1513)

 59

Introduction to Chemical Engineering (BKF1513)