Energy Balance
(Energy Planning and Management)
Rabin Shrestha
Visiting Faculty
Pulchowk Campus, 2010
Objective of Energy Balance
• Objective of energy balance is to structure the
energy flow and to display how final energy
requested by end-users matches numerically
with primary energy supplied by the producers
• Energy balance shows in a coherent accounting
framework, the stocks and flow of all forms of
energy from origin through to final uses
• Energy balance is the basic tool of energy
analysis
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Energy Balance
• Energy is normally not consumed in the
same form it is produced
• There are one or more conversions which
not only change the form but also the energy
content and conversion losses
• Energy balances are often displayed in
physical units (KWh, TOE, GJ, etc.). But
Joule is the reference unit internationally
agreed
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Energy Balance Sheet
• Energy Balance Sheet has matrix format with
the column displaying the different energy
sources and the rows showing the energy
transaction
• The Energy Balance Sheet is made up of
three parts
– Supply Section
– Conversion Section
– Consumption Section
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Energy Balance Sheet
Solid Fuel Liquid Gas Others
Dom Production
Imports (+)
Exports (-)
Stock change (+/-)
Gross Dom Supply
Total transformation
Refineries
Gasification
Electricity Generation
Losses in distribution/stocks
Total final consumption
Household
Industry
Transport
Non-energy Use
Total
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Simplified Energy Supply/Demand Structure
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Basic Structure of Energy Balance
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Energy Balance Setup Methodology
Primary Energy Stage: ATP= PEP + IMP ± VIP
ABP = ATP - EXP - NUP
where:
ATP = total available primary energy
PEP = production of primary energy
IMP = imported primary energy
VIP = variations of inventories of primary energy
ABP = available gross primary energy
NUP = not-used primary energy
EXP = exported primary energy
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Methodology…
In addition, the checking relation:
ABP= INP + FCP+ ACP+ LOP
where:
INP = input of primary energy
(for conversion purposes)
FCP = final direct consumption of primary energy
ACP = auxiliary consumption of primary energy
LOP = losses of primary energy
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Methodology…
Conversion Stage: PIB = INP + INI - LOT
where:
PIB = gross production of intermediate energy
INP = primary energy input
INI = intermediate energy input
LOT = conversion losses
The above relation represents the balance in the conversion
cubes, where the incoming energy (primary and
intermediate) is converted into one or several
intermediate energy forms with the conversion losses
LOT
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Methodology…
Intermediate Energy Forms: TAI = PIB + IMI ± VII and
ABI=TAI - EXI - NUI
where:
TAI = total available intermediate energy
PIB = gross production of intermediate energy
IMI = import of intermediate energy
VII = variations of inventories of intermediate energy
ABI=available gross intermediate energy
EXI = exported intermediate energy
NUI = not used intermediate energy
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Methodology…
with the checking relation:
FCI = ABI - INI - LOI - ACI
where:
FCI = end-use consumption of intermediate energy
INI = input of intermediate energy
LOI = losses of intermediate energy
ACI = auxiliary consumption of intermediate energy
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Methodology…
End-use consumption: FCT = FCP + FCI
where, FCT = total end-use energy consumption
In this node, the end-use energy consumption (FCT) is
covered by the part of primary energy (FCP) which is
directly supplied to the consumption stage and the
intermediate energy forms (FCI),
The last relation is: FCT = FCE + FCN
where, FCE = end-use energy consumption
FCN= final consumption for non-energy usages
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Reference Energy System
• RES is useful way of conceptualizing the use of
energy in a national economy as a network. The
links represent specific uses such as
transformation and production of different energy
forms.
• RES serves not only as the graphic representation
but also as analytical framework for demand
analysis.
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Reference Energy System…
• RES was originally designed in early 1970s as tool
for technology assessment in the USA, but it has
been widely used for energy assessment and
energy planning and policy studies.
• Energy system once viewed as network of energy
flows, the optimal flow of energy in such a network
can be used for mathematical modeling techniques
in network analysis.
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Nepal Reference Energy System – Residential & Agricultural Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device Enduse Demands Demand Sector
Gasoline Oil Import
Oil-Steam Turbine
Pump Agriculture - Irrigation Agriculture Sector
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT
Agriculture - Tractor
Fuel oil Import
Kerosene Oil Import
Residential Cooking
LPG Import
Residential Sector
Air Turbine Fuel Import
Residential A/C
Coal-Conventional
Incandescent Lamp
Coal-AFBC
Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Florescent Lamp Residential Lighting
CFL
Hydro Power Plant
Hydro
Residential Refrigerator
Fuelwood
Residential TV
Animal Dung
BIGCC
Residential Water
BIO Plant Heating
Agricultural Residue
Wind Power Plant
Wind
Residential Others
Photo Voltaic Cells
Solar
Biogas
Electricity Import
from India
Electricity Export
to India
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Nepal Reference Energy System – Transportation Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demand Demand Sector
Gasoline Oil Import
Oil-Steam Turbine
Domestic Airlines Domestic Air Passenger
Diesel Oil Import Transport Sector
Oil-CCGT
Domestic Air Freight
Fuel oil Import
International Airlines International Air Passenger
Kerosene Oil Import
International Air Freight
LPG Import
Bus
Air Turbine Fuel Import
Three Wheeler
Road - Passenger
Coal-Conventional
Coal-AFBC
Coal Import Car/Taxi
Coal-PFBC
Motorcycle
Hydro Power Plant
Hydro Ropeway
Fuelwood
BIGCC Rail Passenger
Animal Dung
Bio-Plant Rail Freight
Agricultural Residue Road - Freight
Truck -Freight
Wind Power Plant
Wind
Photo Voltaic Cells Tractor -Freight
Solar
Biogas
Electricity Import
from India
Electricity Export
to India
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Nepal Reference Energy System – Commercial Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demands Demand Sector
Gasoline Oil Import
Oil-Steam Turbine
Incandescent lamp
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT Commercial Lighting Commercial Sector
Florescent lamp
Fuel oil Import
CFL
Kerosene Oil Import
Conventional
Refrigerator
Commercial Refrigerator
LPG Import Efficient Refrigerator
Conventional
Air Turbine Fuel Import Commercial Space
Air- Conditioning
Heating/Cooling
Coal-Conventional Efficient
Air- Conditioning
Coal-AFBC
Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Electric Water Heater
Hydro Power Plant LPG Water Heater
Hydro Commercial Water Heating
Fuelwood Kerosene Water Heater
Animal Dung BIGCC Solar Water Heater
Agricultural Residue Bio-Plant
Wind Power Plant
Commercial Others
Wind
Photo Voltaic Cells
Solar
Biogas
Electricity Import
from India
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Electricity Export
Nepal Reference Energy System – Industrial Sector
Resource Refining & Conversion Transportation Electricity Generation Transmission & Distribution Utilization Device End-Use Demands Demand Sector
Gasoline Oil Import
BTK - Forced Draft
Oil-Steam Turbine
Industrial Brick Industrial Sector
Diesel Oil Import Oil-CCGT
BTK - Natural Draft
Fuel oil Import
Fixed Chimney
Kerosene Oil Import Hoffman Kilns
Moving Chimney
LPG Import
Traditional Clamp
Air Turbine Fuel Import
VSBK
Coal-Conventional
Coal-AFBC Ball Mill
Coal Import
Coal-PFBC
Vertical Mill Industrial Cement
Hydro Power Plant
Hydro Clinker Grinding Based
Fuelwood
Juice Extraction
Animal Dung BIGCC
Evaporation Industrial Sugar
Bio-Plant
Agricultural Residue
Crystalization
Wind Power Plant
Wind
Centrifuge
Photo Voltaic Cells
Solar
Industrial Textiles
Biogas
Electricity Import
Industrial Paper
from India
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Electricity Export
to India Industrial Others
References
IAEA, Energy and Nuclear Power Planning in Developing
Countries, Technical Report Series No. 245, International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1985.
IAEA, Energy and Electricity Demand Forecasting for Nuclear
Power Planning in Developing Countries: A Reference
Book, A Technical Document Issued by the International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1988.
M Munasinghe and G Schramm, Energy Economics, Demand
Management and Conservation Policy, Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company, 1983.
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