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Overview of Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are proteins that recognize specific short DNA sequences and cut DNA at that location. There are four main types of restriction enzymes: Type I, II, III, and IV. Type II enzymes were characterized by Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans and cleave DNA within their recognition sequences, examples being HhaI and HindIII. Restriction enzymes play an important role in gene cloning by cutting DNA into fragments.

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117 views5 pages

Overview of Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are proteins that recognize specific short DNA sequences and cut DNA at that location. There are four main types of restriction enzymes: Type I, II, III, and IV. Type II enzymes were characterized by Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans and cleave DNA within their recognition sequences, examples being HhaI and HindIII. Restriction enzymes play an important role in gene cloning by cutting DNA into fragments.

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RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Arestriction enzymeis a protein that recognizes a specific, short


nucleotide sequencecut a DNA molecule at a particular place.
These enzymes are also known as molecular knives and molecular
scissors.

These enzymes were discovered by Werner Arber,Hamilton O.


Smith, andDaniel Nathans. The enzymes studied by arber were
type-1 restriction enzymes which cleave DNA away from restriction
sites. Type I enzymes cleave at sites remote from recognition site;
require both ATP and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to function;
multifunctional protein with both restriction and methylase
activities.
Examples of restriction enzymes Type I : HsdR, HsdM, and HsdS .

Restriction enzymes type-2 were characterized by Hamilton O.


Smith and Daniel Nathans .
Type II enzymes cleaves DNA within their recognition sequences.
Examples of restriction enzymes Type II : HhaI ,HindIII.

Type III enzymes cleave at sites a short distance from recognition


site;
Type IV enzymes recognize modified, typically methylated DNA and
are exemplified by theMcrBCand Mrr systems ofE. coli.
Restriction enzymes are enzymes isolated from bacteria that
recognize specific sequences in DNA and then cut the DNA to
producefragments, calledrestriction fragments. Restriction
enzymes play a very important role in the construction of
recombinantDNA molecules, as is done in gene cloning
experiments.
NUCLEASES
RESTRICTION ENZYMES BELONG TO LARGER
CLASS OF ENZYMES KNOWN AS NUCLEASES.
Endonuclease and exonuclease are nuclease enzymes which catalyze the
hydrolysis of single nucleotides present in a chain of DNA. Nucleases play a vital
role in analyzing the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA.

1 ENDONUCLEASES : Endonuclease
enzymes are enzymes that cleave to the
bonds of the DNA from within the molecule.

2 EXONUCLEASES : Exonuclease enzymes


are a category of enzymes that cleave to the
nucleotides at the ends of the DNA molecule.
PALINDROMS
A palindrome is a sequence of letters and/or
words, that reads the same forwards and
backwards.
Palindromes that occur on opposite strands of
the same section of DNA helix.

5' GGCC 3'


3' CCGG 5'
1- Isoschizomersare pairs of
restriction enzymes specific to the
same recognition sequence. For
example, SphI (CGTAC/G) and BbuI
(CGTAC/G) areisoschizomers of each
other.
2 - Neoschizomersare restriction
enzymes that recognize the same
nucleotide sequence as their prototype
but cleave at a different site.

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