C structures and unions
(Reek, Ch. 10)
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C structures: aggregate, yet scalar
aggregate in that they hold multiple data items at one time
named members hold data items of various types
like the notion of class/field in C or C++
– but without the data hiding features
scalar in that C treats each structure as a unit
as opposed to the “array” approach: a pointer to a collection of
members in memory
entire structures (not just pointers to structures) may be passed
as function arguments, assigned to variables, etc.
Interestingly, they cannot be compared using ==
(rationale: too inefficient)
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Structure declarations
Combined variable and type declaration
struct tag {member-list} variable-list;
Any one of the three portions can be omitted
struct {int a, b; char *p;} x, y; /* omit tag */
variables x, y declared with members as described:
int members a, b and char pointer p.
x and y have same type, but differ from all others –
even if there is another declaration:
struct {int a, b; char *p;} z;
/* z has different type from x, y */
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Structure declarations
struct S {int a, b; char *p;}; /* omit variables */
No variables are declared, but there is now a type struct
S that can be referred to later
struct S z; /* omit members */
Given an earlier declaration of struct S, this declares a
variable of that type
typedef struct {int a, b; char *p;} S;
/* omit both tag and variables */
This creates a simple type name S
(more convenient than struct S)
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Recursively defined structures
Obviously, you can’t have a structure that contains an
instance of itself as a member – such a data item would be
infinitely large
But within a structure you can refer to structures of the
same type, via pointers
struct TREENODE {
char *label;
struct TREENODE *leftchild, *rightchild;
}
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Recursively defined structures
When two structures refer to each other, one must be
declared in incomplete (prototype) fashion
struct HUMAN;
struct PET {
char name[NAME_LIMIT];
char species[NAME_LIMIT];
struct HUMAN *owner;
} fido = {″Fido″, ″Canis lupus familiaris ″};
struct HUMAN {
char name[NAME_LIMIT];
We can’t initialize the owner member
struct PET pets[PET_LIMIT]; at this point,
} sam = {″Sam″, {fido}}; since it hasn’t been declared yet
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Member access
Direct access operator s.m
subscript and dot operators have same precedence and associate
left-to-right, so we don’t need parentheses for
[Link][0].species
Indirect access s->m: equivalent to (*s).m
Dereference a pointer to a structure, then return a member of
that structure
Dot operator has higher precedence than indirection operator ,
so parentheses are needed in (*s).m
(*[Link]).name or [Link]->name
. evaluated first: access owner member . and -> have equal precedence and
* evaluated next: dereference pointer to HUMAN associate left-to-right
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Memory layout
struct COST { int amount;
char currency_type[2]; }
struct PART { char id[2];
struct COST cost;
int num_avail; }
layout of struct PART:
currency_type
id amount num_avail
cost
Here, the system uses 4-byte alignment of integers,
so amount and num_avail must be aligned
Four bytes wasted for each structure!
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Memory layout
A better alternative (from a space perspective):
struct COST { int amount;
char currency_type; }
struct PART { struct COST cost;
char id[2];
int num_avail;
}
currency_type
amount id num_avail
cost
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Bit fields Bit field members must be ints
If space is a serious concern, you can select the number of
bits used for each member
struct CHAR { unsigned ch: 7;
Note: This won’t work on
unsigned font: 6; machines with 16-bit ints
unsigned size: 19; };
Layout possibilities (machine-dependent):
ch font size
size font ch
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Bit fields
Portability is an issue:
Do any bit field sizes exceed the machine’s int size?
Is there any pointer manipulation in your code that assumes a
particular layout?
Bit fields are “syntactic sugar” for more complex
shifting/masking
e.g. to get font value, mask off the ch and size bits, then shift
right by 19
This is what actually happens in the object code –
bit fields just make it look simpler at the source level
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Structures as function arguments
Structures are scalars, so they can be returned and passed
as arguments – just like ints, chars
struct BIG changestruct(struct BIG s);
Call by value: temporary copy of structure is created
Caution: passing large structures is inefficient
– involves a lot of copying
avoid by passing a pointer to the structure instead:
void changestruct(struct BIG *s);
What if the struct argument is read-only?
Safe approach: use const
void changestruct(struct BIG const *s);
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Unions
Like structures, but every member occupies the same
region of memory!
Structures: members are “and”ed together: “name and species
and owner”
Unions: members are “xor”ed together
union VALUE {
float f;
int i;
char *s;
};
/* either a float xor an int xor a string */
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Unions
Up to programmer to determine how to interpret a union
(i.e. which member to access)
Often used in conjunction with a “type” variable that
indicates how to interpret the union value
enum TYPE { INT, FLOAT, STRING };
struct VARIABLE {
enum TYPE type; Access type to determine
union VALUE value; how to interpret value
};
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Unions
Storage
size of union is the size of its largest member
avoid unions with widely varying member sizes;
for the larger data types, consider using pointers instead
Initialization
Union may only be initialized to a value appropriate for the
type of its first member
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