Speaker:
S. Veerasingam
Vice-President
Malaysian Society for
Occupational Safety and
Health (MSOSH)
Managing Safety and Health Risk - Objectives
To ensure that:
The hazards inherent in the operations have been
systematically identified and assessed and are fully
understood at the appropriate levels in the organisation
Arrangements are in place to control these hazards and
to deal with the consequences should the need arise
The necessary information, training, auditing and
improvement process are in place
HSE Risk - Definition
Risk = Consequence resulting from the release
of a hazard
x
Probability of the occurrence of that event
Effects of Safety and Health Hazards
Identify Are people exposed to harm resulting from the
companys operations?
Assess What are the causes, consequences & effects?
How likely is the loss of control?
What is the risk & is it ALARP?
Control Can the causes be eliminated?
What controls are needed & can they be effective?
Recover Can the potential consequences & effects be mitigated?
What are the recovery measures required?
Are the recovery capabilities suitable & sufficient?
Step 1- Hazard
Identify all HAZARDS
HAZARD - Definition
Hazard is defined as:
Anything that has the potential to cause harm, ill health
and injury, damage to property, products or the
environment, production losses or increase liabilities
At workplace categorized:
Hazard
Physical, Chemical, Biological & Physcosocial
Hazard - examples
Chemical
Hydrocarbon under pressure
Smoke
Toxic material
Volatile fluids in tanks
Physical
Moving road tankers / vehicles
Elevated objects
Noise
People working at heights
High voltage
Hazard - examples
Biological
Toxicological lab
(catering facility at distant work station)
Physcosocial
Working outside the country without family members.
Step 2 - Top Event
List Top Events or Incidents which will
result when hazards are released and
relate them to the hazards identified
Top Event - definition
Top Event is defined as:
The incident which occurs as a result of the hazard
being released
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Top Event - examples
Loss of containment
Electrical shock
Fall from heights
Exposure to toxic material
Exposure to radioactive material
Effluent discharge into waterways
Emissions of toxic gases
Step 3 - Consequences
List consequences which result from
hazard being released
Consequence - definition
Consequence is defined as:
An event or chain of events that results from the hazard
being released
People
Asset
Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Environment
Reputation
Consequences - examples
Serious injury
Death
Latent illness or disease which has long gestation period
Property damage - own or public
Environmental damage
Loss of reputation leading to loss in current and
prospective business
Loss of revenue - paying for compensation, medical
expenses, production loss or deferment
Step 4 - Hazard register
Compile a Hazards & Effects register listing Hazards,
Top Event & Consequences
HAZARDS & EFFECTS REGISTER
Risk Remedial
Hazard Threats Barriers Top Recovery Consequences Rating Initial Final
Event Measures Risk Risk Action
P A E R Required
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
Step 5 -Risk ranking
Using the Risk Matrix & brainstorming techniques
rank the hazards and consequences based on the
probabilities of the Top Event occurring
RISK MATRIX
CONSEQUENCE INCREASING PROBABILITY
A B C D E
NEVER HEARD OF INCIDENT HAPPENS HAPPENS
RATING PEOPLE ASSETS ENVIRONMENT REPUTATION INCIDENT HAS SEVERAL SEVERAL
HEARD OF
IN OCCURRED TIMES TIMES
IN PER YEAR PER YEAR
INDUSTRY IN OUR
INDUSTRY COMPANY IN CO. AT LOCATION
No No No No
0 injury damage impact impact
RM Manage for
1 Slight Slight Slight Slight Continuous Inprovement
injury damage impact impact
RM
2 Minor Minor Minor Limited Demonstrate
injury damage impact impact
RM ALARP
Major Local Localised Considerable
3 damage impact impact
injury
RM
4 Single Major Major Major
fatality damage impact national Incorporate Risk INTOLERABLE
RM
5 Multiple Extensive Massive Major Reduction measures
fatalities damage impact international Prepare HSE Case
RM
Ranking Risk Probability
HAZARDS & EFFECTS REGISTER
Risk Remedial
Hazard Threats Barriers Top Recovery Consequences Rating Initial Final
Event Measures Risk Risk Action
P A E R Required
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
Consequence - definition
Harm to people
No. Description
0 No Injury or damage to Health
1 Slight Injury or health effects (including first aid case and medical traement case) -Not affecting work
performance or causing disability
2 Minor injury or health effects(Lost Time Injury) - Affecting work performance, such as restriction to work
activities (Restricted Workday Case) or a need to take a few days to fully recover(Lost Workday Case).
Limited health effects are reversible e.g. skin irritation, food poisoning.
3. Major injury or health effects ( including Permanent Partial Disability) - Affecting work performance in the longer
term,such as prolonged absence from work. Irreversible health damage without loss of life, e.g. noise induced
hearing loss, chronic back injuries
4. Single fatality- From accident or occupational illness ( poisoning, cancer)
5. Multiple fatalities - From accident or occupational illness(poisoning, cancer)
Consequence - definition
Damage to Asset
No. Description
0 Zero Damage
1 Slight damage - No disruption to operation
2 Minor damage - Brief disruption
3. Local damage - Partial shutdown
4. Major damage - Partial operation loss
5. Extensive damage - Substantial or total loss of operations
Consequence - definition
Effect on the Environment
No. Description
0 Zero effect - No environmental damage. No cahange in environment. No financial consequences
1 Slight effect - Local environment damage. Within the fence and within systems. Negligible financial
consequences
2 Minor effect - Contamination. Damage sufficiently large to attack the environment. Single exceedance of
statutory or prescribed criterion. Single complaint. No permanent effect on the environment.
3. Localised effect - Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceedance of statutory or
prescribed limit. Affecting neighbourhood.
4. Major effect - Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to
restore the contaminated environment to its original state. Extended exceedance of statutory or prescribed
limits
5. Massive effect - Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area.
In terms of commercial or recreational use of nature conservancy, a major economic loss for the
company. Constant, high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.
Consequence - definition
Impact on Reputation
No. Description
0 No impact - No public awareness.
1 Slight impact - Public awareness may exist, but there is no public concern.
2 Limited impact - Some local public concern. Some local media and / or local political attention with
potentially adverse aspects for company operations.
3. Considerable impact - Regional public concern. Extensive adverse attention in local media. Slight national
media and/ or local / regional political attention. Adverse stance of local government and / or action groups.
4. National impact - National public concern. Extensive adverse attention in the national media. Regional /
national policies with potentially restrictive measures and / or impact on grant of licences. Mobilisation of
action groups.
5. International impact - International public attention. Extensive adverse attention in international media.
National / International policies with potentially severe impact on access to new areas, grants of
licences and / or tax legislation
Step 6 - Threats
For all hazards and consequences which have been
ranked as HIGH risks, identify all threats or causes
which can release the hazard to become a top event
Threat - definition
Threat is defined as:
A possible cause that will release the hazard to become a top event-
includes thermal, biological, electrical, chemical, kinetic, climatic,
radiation or human factors
People
Threat
Asset
Threat Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Environment
Threat
Reputation
Threat - examples
High temperature
Corrosion
Bacteria
Overpressure
Erosion
High voltage
Ultraviolet radiation
Environmental conditions
Human incompetence
Design / process unknowns
Step 7 - Barriers
Determine Barriers for each threat
Barrier - definition
A Barrier is defined as :
A measure which is put in to prevent the release of a hazard or to
prevent the occurrence of a top event once the hazard is released -
barriers may be physical or non- physical
People
Threat Barrier Barrier
Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Damage
Hazard Top Event
(Incident)
Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier
Reputation
Barrier - examples
Guards or protective shields e.g. protective coatings,
corrosion inhibitors, machine guards, fencing etc.
Pressure / safety relief valves
High temperature cut-off switches
Correct / valid operating procedures
Time delays in processes
Lowering speeds of equipment
Carrying maintenance when it is due
Reducing congestion in operating areas
Step 8 - Recovery Measures
Determine the Recovery Measures to reduce the
impact of the Consequences due to the occurrence
of the Top Event
Recovery Measures
Activity or Condition which causes Recovery Measures
hazard release
Incident
Proactive
control
M P R
C E
I
O
H T B T S
A H A
N
T I
A T
Z R R A O
TOP G
A R I R
E EVENT A
R I N A
A
D
T
E M
E
T
I
E T
I
R
N
O O
T
N
N
R
Consequences
Recovery Measures - examples
Gas, fire & smoke alarms
Emergency Shutdown systems
Firewater deluge systems
Fire and blast walls
Emergency Response plans, training & drills
Business Resumption Plans
Step 9 - Escalation factors
Identify Escalation Factors which will reduce the
effectiveness or operation of the barriers or
recovery measures and implement additional
measures to compensate for these factors
Escalation Factors - definition
Escalation Factors are defined as:
Conditions that lead to increased risk due to loss of barriers or loss
of recovery measures especially life saving or mitigating capabilities
Recovery People
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Damage
Hazard Top Event Measures
(Incident)
Recovery Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery
Measures Reputation
Escalation
controls
Escalation Controls - Examples
Abnormal operating condition e.g critical standby
equipment is under maintenance during an emergency
Plant operating outside the design envelope
Extreme environmental conditions - may not allow
the activation of planned recovery measures
Incorrect operation of the plant due to unavailability
of updated operating procedures
Human error due to lack of competence or ineffective
training
Use the ALARP principle to
test whether the controls
are sufficient
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE
AS LOW AS REASONABLY
PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLE
TOLERABLE IF:
Risk cannot be justified
on any grounds
Reduction
A impracticle
or
L cost/gain grossly
Risk is undertaken if a disproportionate
A benefit is desired
R
P No need for detailed Cost exceed
demonstration improvement
Step 10
Complete the Hazard Analysis
and the Hazards & Effects Register
Full hazard analysis
Proactive Controls Reactive Controls
Recovery People
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery Asset
Threat Barrier Barrier Damage
Hazard Top Event Measures
(Incident)
Recovery Environment
Threat Barrier Barrier Measures
Recovery
Measures Reputation
Escalation
controls
Completed Hazards & Effects Register
HAZARDS & EFFECTS REGISTER
Risk Remedial
Hazard Threats Barriers Top Recovery Consequences Rating Initial Final
Event Measures Risk Risk Action
P A E R Required
C5
X X X X X X X X X X D4,5 X
E3,4,5
X X X X X X X X
C5
X X X X X X X X X X D4,5
E3,4,5
X X X X X X X X X
Step 11
Link Barriers and Recovery Measure
controls to HSE Critical Activities
which are part of Business Activities
HSE Critical Activities
HSE Critical Activities are the activities that require
to be carried out to ensure the effectiveness and
correct operation of the Barriers and Recovery Measures
at all times
These activities are broken down into tasks
For all these tasks, standards have to be specified and
clear & valid procedures should be available
Competency requirements for the staff to carry out the
task and also for the supervisors should be made clear.
Where there are gaps, they should be sent for training
Step 10
Hazard Performance
Measures
Standards
Barrier Procedures Reports
Inputs Outputs
Control
HSE HSE
critical Critical activity
Top task
Event
Recovery
Measures Staff
Competency
Design & Construction
Operations
Consequences Maintenance
Supervisor
Inspection
Business Activity
Activity Hazard relationship
Input Output Performance criteria
Maint. procedures Tank repair Trend on corrosion of
Maint. Strategy report tank
Failure record
Responsible party Competence
Activity Execute maintenance Maint. Mgr. 10 yrs maint exp.
3 yrs operations exp.
Task Maintain tanks Technician 5 yrs experience
Tech. training
External coating of
Barrier tanks
Threat External corrosion
Example on Barrier
Hydrocarbon liquid under
Hazard pressure in tanks
Activity Hazard relationship
Input Output Performance criteria
Govt. Regulations Emergency Trend in emergency
ERP/Oil spill response Drill report response
plan
Responsible party Competence
Activity HSE support activity HSE Mgr. Exp. Firefighting
& oil spill response
Task ERP drill HSE Technician Competent to
Operate response
equipment
Recovery Emergency Response
plan
Measure
Consequence Oil spill
Example on
Hydrocarbon liquid under Recovery Measure
Hazard pressure in tanks
51
Control
Assess
Recovery
Identify
Examples Of Identifying &
Managing Safety and Health
Risk
Examples Of Identifying &
Managing Safety and Health
Risk
Recovery
Top
Hazard Threat Barrier Measures Consequences
Event
Accident,
Moving Slippery Loss of Injuries,
Vehicle Road Slow Down Control ABS Fatalities
Incompetent driver
Not sure discharge procedure Loss of Spill/contamination
Poor attitude containment Stop work order
Companys reputation
Training ER procedure
Supervision Bund-wall
Design of skid tank Supervision C
Threat 1 O
Consequence n
Refined hydrocarbon
N
(unloading into skid tank)
Threat 2 S
Diesel
Consequence 3
Threat 3 Recovery E
Barriers Top Event Preparedness
Measures
Threat 4
Consequence 2 Q
Consequence 1
U
Threat n Multiple supplier non Bundwall
standard fittings valve open
E
Escalation factors
(saboteur) N
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
The Children & the Bull
Hazard = the bull
Top Event = Loss of containment (escape of bull)
Threats Controls/Barriers Escalation Factors
corroded fence galvanised material acid rain
rotting posts treated wood termites, age
metal posts corrosion
bull leans on fence barbed wire anger (state of mind)
Red Ball, barking dog
bull charges fence barbed wire, 4 strands yelling child, dog
metal posts
electric fence
falling tree limbs prune trees weather, age, insects
gate unlatched/open sign, lock ability to read,
vandalism
The Children & the Bull
Consequences = multiple fatalites
Top Event = Loss of containment (escape of bull)
Recovery Measures Esalation. Factors Escalation Factor Controls
dog attack bull dog not trained send for regular training
run to car panic situation carry out simulation exercise
failed to fire Regular service of gun
shoot the bull
Therapy and practice
climb tree Height phobia
run in different panic situation carry out simulation exercise
directions
Coincident or Not ?
If,
ABC D EFGHI J K L M N O PQ R S T U V W X Y Z
Equals,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Then,
K+ N +O +W+ L +E+D+G+E
11 + 14 + 15 + 23 + 12 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 5 = 96%
H+A+R +D+W+ O+ R +K
8 + 1 + 18 + 4 + 23 + 15 + 18 + 11 = 98%
Both are important, but the total falls just short of 100%
But,
A+T +T + I+T + U +D+E
1 + 20 + 20 + 9 + 20 + 21 + 4 + 5 = 100%
Safety really is about attitude. Make 100% Safe Behavior your choice
both ON and OFF the job
THANK YOU
