CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY TWO SCIENCE
CHAPTER 8: MIXTURES
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Mixtures contain different elements and /
or compounds that are not bonded.
A compound has different properties from
its elements whereas a mixture has
properties of its element or compound.
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Difference between compound and mixture
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Iron is a metal. It is hard, coloured grey,
strong, conducts heat and electricity
and
is magnetic.
Sulfur is a non-metal. It is brittle, yellow
and does not conduct heat and
electricity and is not magnetic.
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
When iron and sulfur are heated, they
combined together to form iron sulfide
which does not conduct heat and
electricity and is not magnetic.
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Formation of the compound iron sulfide from iron and sulfur
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Air is a mixture of several different
elements and compounds. Air contains
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
vapour and small amount of other gases.
8.1 COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
Composition of air
1% 0% 0%
21%
78%
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Inert gases
Water vapour, dust and
microorganisms
Carbon dioxide
8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES
In science the word pure describes
something only containing a single
substance.
A mixture is not pure.
Alloys are mixtures of metals made by
mixing different metals together and
melting them.
8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES
8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES
Bronze helmet
Brass door
knob
Car body made
from steel
Stainless steel
cutlery
8.2 MORE ABOUT MIXTURES
Mineral water is a mixture because there
are minerals dissolved in the water.
The label in mineral water
8.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES
The substances in a mixture can be
separated easily because they have
different properties.
Properties
Explanation
Example
Physical state
Liquid can be separated from solid by
evaporation
Water can be evaporated from the
copper sulfate solution, leaving the
copper sulfate behind in the dish
Magnetic attraction
Magnetic substance is attracted by
magnet while the other substance is
not
Iron can be separated from sulfur
using a magnet
Boiling point
The substance with lower boiling point
can be separated from the other
substance by distillation
Water with the lower boiling point
can be separated from salt by
changing it to steam and
condensing it back to liquid
Solubility in water
The substance that is insoluble in
water can be filtered and separated
from the other substance that is
soluble in water
Sand can be filtered from a mixture
of sand and salty water
8.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES
Evaporation
Using a magnet
Distillation
Filtration
8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY
Mixture of different coloured dyes or inks
can be separated using chromatography.
Chromatography is used to study the dyes
used in food as some dyes contain a
mixture of different coloured
substances.
8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY
Steps in chromatography
A beaker is half filled with water
8.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY
Video on chromatography:
8.5 SOLUTIONS
The substance that dissolves is called a
solute.
The substance that solute dissolves in
is called a solvent.
When a solute dissolves in a solvent, a
solution is formed.
Solute
Solvent
Solution
8.5 SOLUTIONS
Solute, solvent and solution
8.5 SOLUTIONS
When a solution is formed, the solute
particles have simply spread out among
the water molecules. The solute did not
disappear.
If you dissolved a coloured salt such as
copper sulfate, the solution formed is
coloured.
All solutions are transparent. Thus, a
liquid like milk is not a solution.
8.5 SOLUTIONS
Formation of a solution
8.5 SOLUTIONS
The mass of a solution equals to the
total mass of the solute and the solvent.
Mass is conserved when a solution is
formed.
Mass of
solute
Mass of
solvent
Mass of
solution
8.5 SOLUTIONS
Dilute solution
Concentrated
solution
Saturated solution
Similarities
All are prepared by dissolving solutes in solvents
All have clear appearance
Differences
Has little dissolved
solute in it
Has a lot of dissolved
solute in it
Has the maximum
amount of dissolved
solute in it
Can dissolve a lot
more solute
Can only dissolve a
little more solute
Cannot dissolve more
solute
8.6 SOLUBILITY
Solubility is a measure of how much of a
solute dissolves in a solvent.
Some soluble substances are more
soluble than others. If you have 100 cm 3 of
water, you can dissolve a lot of sodium
chloride but only a little lead chloride.
8.6 SOLUBILITY
As the temperature increases, the
solubility of most solutes increases as
well. For example, if you have 100 g of
water at 20 C, you can dissolve 204 g of
sugar in it. If you heat the water to 80 C,
you can dissolve 362 g of sugar in it.
8.7 SOLUBILITY INVESTIGATION
8.7 SOLUBILITY INVESTIGATION
Carrying out solubility investigation
The