1
Distribution Standards
What is a Standard ?
It is a model or a general agreement of a Rule
established by authority or consensus.
It conforms to widely acceptable
representative features and characteristics.
Distribution Standards
Standards are formulated after detailed
discussions with
1) Manufacturers.
2)Concerned Departments.
3) Users and beneficiaries.
4)Scentiests , experts etc.
Distribution Standards
Standards help in
1)Simplification ( Variety Reduction ).
2)Easy Materials Management and inventory
control.
3) Quality Assurance.
4)Better means of Communication.
5) Confidence build up in Customers.
6)Quick deliveries.
Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in
KSE Board
[Link] Telegraph act,1885.
[Link] Act,1910.
[Link](Supply) Act,1948.
[Link] Electricity Rules,1956.
[Link] Regulatory Commission
Act,1998.
[Link] Act,2003.
Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in
KSE Board
The Kerala PWD Account Code.
The PWD Code.
The Kerala Financial Code. Volume I.
The Kerala Financial Code. Volume II.
The Kerala Treasury Code.
The Kerala Account Code.
Acts ,Rules& Codes Used in
KSE Board
[Link] State Electricity Board
Conditions of Supply of Electrical Energy
January 1990.
Board Orders.
Board Circulars.
Conference Minutes.
[Link] Code 2005.
Right to Information Act,2005.
Distribution Standards
Rule 29 of IE Rule 1956
Construction,Installation,Protection,Operation and
maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus.
All Electric Supply Lines and apparatus shall
be of sufficient in Powers and size and of
sufficient mechanical Strength for the Work
they may be required to do, and shall be
constructed , installed , protected , worked
and maintained in such a manner as to
prevent danger.
Distribution Standards
Rule 29 of IE Rule 1956
Construction,Installation,Protection,Operation and
maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus.
The material and apparatus provided in
used shall conform to the the relevant
specifications of the Bureau of Indian
Standards where such specifications have
already been laid.
Distribution Standards
The Material and apparatus shall conform to the
relevant specifications of the ISI.
10
Distribution Standards
IE Rule [Link].
(ai)Overhead line:-Any electric supply line
which is placed above ground and in the
open(air) but excluding live rails of a traction
system.
(an)Span:-Horizontal distance between two
adjacent supporting points of an overhead
conductor.
11
Distribution Standards
IE Rule [Link].
(av).Voltage:-Difference of Electric potential
measured in volts between two conductors or
between any part of either conductor and earth as
measured by a suitable Volt meter.
**Low voltage:-where the Voltage does not exeed
250Volts under normal conditions subjects
,however,to the percentage variation allowed by
these rules;
12
Distribution Standards
IE Rule [Link].
(av).Medium voltage:- Where the Voltage does not
exceed 650 volts under normal conditions.
High Voltage:- Where the Voltage does not exceed
33000Volts under normal conditions.
Extra High Voltage:- Where the Voltage exced
33000 volts under normal conditions.
13
IE Rule 1956
[Link] Voltage of Supply to Consumer.
Except with the written consent of the consumer or with the
previous sanction of the state government a supplier
shall not permit the voltage at the point of
commencement of supply as defined under Rule 58 to
vary from the declared Voltage
(i) in the case of low or medium voltage ,by more than
6 percent or
(ii) in the case of high voltage,by more than 6 percent
on the higher side or by more than 9 percent on the
lower side.
14
Distribution Standards
Remember
Use
Standard Materials
Follow
Standard Construction Practices
15
Distribution Standards
Construction of HT& LT Lines:-
Where to Start with Construction ?
Before Starting 11 KV line Work Finalise the
location of Transformer.
Location of Transformer:1) Nearest to the Load Centre.
2) Feasibility of drawl of 11KV line.
3) Easy Road access.
4) Minimum Public hindrance.
5) Safe location.
16
Distribution Standards
11 KV Lines :Choice of Route
1)Shortest feasible route if possible along
Roads.
2)Transportation facility.
3)Minimum compensation.
4) One side of public path.
5) Minimum parallalism with BSNL lines
6)Minimum maintenance cost.
17
Distribution Standards
11 KV Lines :Avoid:-1)Steep Curves.
2)Rock Area.3) Steep Hills.
4) Thick vegetations.
5) School Play Grounds.
6) River crossings.
18
Distribution Standards
Right of Way :
Get approval from concerned
authorities (Such as Town planing
authority,NH,PTCC,Railway etc)for the
drawl of line ,Tree cuttings, Stay
locations etc. so as to avoid further
hindrance to the Work.
Tree Clearances as per site conditions
to be maintained.
19
Execution of Works
Works are primarily classified into 1. Original
works and [Link] and maintenance.
[Link] works include all new
construction,additions and alterations to existing
works,reconstruction of entire structures etc.
Classification of Works-(164 of KFC Vol-I):-
20
Execution of Works
Classification of Works
:[Link] and maintenance include all the
operations required from time to time to
maintain existing properties in a satisfactory
state .Repairs are further classified as
Ordinary repairs and special repairs.
-(164 of KFC Vol-I)
21
Execution of Works
PREPARATION OF ESTIMATES:No work may be started before a proper estimate for it
has been prepaired and sanctioned by the competant
authority,unless it is so started strictly in accordance with a
special order of the Government(Board) or some specific
reason(article 184 and 185).
(84 of PWD code).The papers to be submitted with the project for a work
will consists of a report,a specification and a detailed statement
of measurements,quantities and rates,with an abstract showing
the total estimated cost in rupees only of each [Link]
documents form what is called the estimate.
173(a) of KFC.
22
Execution of Works
The report should state clearly the purpose of
the work estimated for,and other necessary
reason for the adoption of the estimated
project or design in preference to others.
23
Execution of Works
Rate:-To facilitate the preparation of
estimates,a schedule of rates of each kind of work
commonly executed should be prepared annually,..
and the rates entered in an estimate should
generally agree with the schedule rates,but where
from any cause these are considered not
sufficient,or in excess,a detailed statement must be
given in the data sheet showing the manner in which
the rate used in the estimate is arrived [Link] present
the rates are based on KSEB cost data (Corporate
planning).
(85 of PWD code)
24
Execution of Works
Types of Works:[Link] works.
[Link] departmental Works.
a)Normal b)Deposit woks.
Departmental Works:- Such as Voltage
Improvement works,System improvement
works repairs and maintenance works etc.
25
Execution of Works
[Link] departmental Works.
(a)Normal development such as MG,Normal service
connection etc.
(b) Deposited(funds) works:-Amount deposited by a
single person,or an agency etc.
The agency may be Local body(KDP..old
PPS),MP(MPLAD),MLA(MLA LAD),Other
departments such as SC/ST
development,PWD,Water authority etc..
The rates to be arrived for this types deposited
works is based on B.O. Dated 24.8.2005 and 7.9.2005.
26
Execution of Works
In the estimates for major
works,provision up to 5% of the estimated
cost of the works portion may ordinarily be
made for unforeseen [Link] found
necessary,this provision may be utilized for
new items of works which are required by the
administrative authority.
(91 of PWD code)
27
Execution of Works
ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION:It denotes the formal approval /acceptance by the
competent administrative authority concerned,of the
proposal for incurring any expenditure in the Board
on a particular [Link] is in effect an order to execute
certain specified works at a stated sum to meet the
administrative needs of the [Link]
sanction is a must for starting a [Link] powers of
sanction is as per the delegation of Powers of
officers of KSEB
28
Delegation of Powers
for
Administrative Sanction for original Works of
Capital nature.
Chief Engineer
Rs.50 Lakhs
Deputy Chief Engineer
Rs.25 Lakhs
Executive Engineer
Rs.10Lakhs
Assistant Executive
Engineer
Rs.1 Lakhs.
29
Execution of Works
ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION:(71of PWD code)The works for which administrative
approval should be taken up for execution
only after necessary financial sanction is
obtained,i.e.,Administrative sanction become
operative only after funds are provided.
30
Execution of Works
Technical Sanction (69 of PWD code):For every work proposed to be carried out
,except petty works and repairs the cost of
which does not exceed Rs.1000/-a detailed
estimate must be prepared for the sanction of
competent authority;the sanction is known as
technical sanction to the estimate.
31
Execution of Works
Technical Sanction :(74of PWD code)If in the preparation of detailed
estimates it is found that the cost will exceed
the estimate administratively approved by
more than 10% ,revised administrative
approval must be obtained before technical
sanction can be accorded.
32
Delegation of Powers
for
Technical Sanction
Chief Engineer
No limit
Deputy Chief Engineer
50Lakhs
Executive Engineer
25 Lakhs
Assistant Executive
Engineer
Rs.10Lakhs
Assistant Engineer
Rs.1Lakhs
33
Execution of Works
Definition
Contingent charges or
contingencies is applied to the incidental
expenditure which is necessarily incurred in
running an [Link] main items are
common to most offices,[Link] on
furniture,books and periodicals,service
postage and telegrams,vehicles,electric
current,cleaning charges etc.(@3%).
(69 of KFC vol 1) the term
34
Execution of Works
Definition.
Overhead charges:-These charge includes
[Link],Additional expenses on labour
[Link] expenses are incurred daily in one
form or other for instance,purchase of petty
items of material,salary of administrative
staff,rent(if any),T.A etc.(@10%).
35
Execution of Works
Definition.
Storage charges:-After purchase of
material,the cost involved to transport the
material to store ,transport expenses on
transporting material to work site,labour
expense on loading and un loading the
material are called storage expenses.(@3%).
36
Execution of Works
Definition.
Supervision charges:-It is the charge for
offering expert opinions on various aspects of
the project during supervision.(@10% as per
[Link] 24.8.2005)
37
Estimate format
:-(173(b) of KFC vol1)An
estimate should be prepared in KFC Form 23-Except
when a special form of estimate is required for a
particular kind of [Link] general format now applied
is
as below:SlNo
Quantity Particula Rate(Rs Unit
Amount(
rs
Rs)
Total cost of materials(A)
Storage @3%,Contigency@3%,Overhead
charges@10%=16%SOC of(A)
Lorry and labour charges(as per labour
data)
Total
38
Abstract Estimate for Constructing 1Km of Single
Circuit 11KV line with Continuous Earth wire using
ACSR Racoon Conductor and PSC Poles
Sl
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Particulars
Unit
Quant
ity
Rate
(Rs)
Amount
(Rs)
PSC pole 9 meter
Channel cross arm 2.4Meter
V cross arm
GI cross arm 1.8 Mt
Bolts&Nuts of sizes
Stay set
MS cleat
Washers
Trussing Tackle
Angle&Channel
Tension set With Single Disc
ACSR Racoon
Provision for coil earthing
11KV pin insulator with pin
Pole top bracket F type
Barbed wire
Each
Each
Each
Each
Kg
Set
Nos
Nos
Set
Nos
Set
Km
Nos
Nos
Nos
Kg
20
6
17
6
45
11
18
86
2
100
18
3.09
17
51
17
30
1450
894
442
408
54
631
30
5
250
25
475
33120
337
120
54
42
29000
5364
7514
2448
2430
6941
540
430
500
2500
8550
102340.80
5729
6120
918
1260
Remarks
39
Estimate for The Installation of One 100KVA 11KV433V Three
Phase Transformer using PSC Poles
Sl
No
Particulars
Unit
Quantity
Rate
(Rs)
Amount
(Rs)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
100KVA Transformer
11KV PSC pole(9Mt)
Channel cross arm 3 Mt
Bolt& Nuts of sizes
Washers of sizes
AB switch
DO fuse unit
11KV lightning Arrestor
Provision for earthing
Provision for Jumpering
Provision for clamping
Fuse unit200Amps
Provision for barbed wire fenicing
Lock &Key
Each
Each
Each
Kg
Each
Each
Each
Each
Each
1
2
8
5
20
1
3
3
3
LS
LS
9
Ls
1
64738
1450
962
54
5
6083
482
868
1622
550
250
331
1610
110
64738
2900
7996
270
100
6083
1446
2604
4866
550
250
2979
1610
110
No
Each
40
41
42
43
IE Rule 1956
[Link] of or alteration to buildings
,structures,flood banks and elevation of roads:1)If at any time subsequent to the erection of an
overhead line (whether covered with insulating
material or bare) ,any person proposes to erect a
new building or flood bank or to raise any road level
or to carry out any other type of work whether
permanent or temporary or to make in or upon any
building or structure or flood bnk or road ,any
permanent or temporary addition or alteration, he
and the contractor whom he employs to carry out to
erection,addition
44
IE Rule 1956 82
.or alteration,shall if such
work,building,structure,flood bank,rod or
additions and alterations thereto would during
or after the construction result in
contravention of any of the provision of Rule
77,79 or 80 give notice in writing of his
intension to the supplier and to the inspector
and shall furnish therewith a scale drawing
showing the proposed building ,.
45
IE Rule 1956 82
structure,flood bank,road and addition or
alteration and scaffolding required during the
construction.
(2) On receipts of the notice referred to in ,the
supplier shall examine whether the line under
reference was lawfully laid and whether the person
was liable to pay the cost of alteration and,if so,send
a notice without undue delay,to such person
together wih an estimate of cost of expenditure
likely to incurred to so alter the overhead line and
require him to deposit ,within
46
IE Rule 1956 82
..30 days of the receipt of the notice with
the supplier,the amount of the estimated cost.
47
Distribution Standards
Preparation of Route Map.
Joint Inspection of Route with BSNL
authorities.
Preparation of Estimates.
Estimate Reports.
Sanction from competent authorities.
Administrative and Technical sanctions.
Provisional Route approval from BSNL
authorities.
48
Distribution Standards
Construction of 11 KV lines.
1) Erection of Supports.
2) Providing Stays.
3) Mounting Cross arms, Pins and Pin
Insulators.
4) Stinging of Conductors.
5) Jointing of conductors.
6) Sagging / Tensioning of conductors
7) Earthing of Poles.
49
50
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] above ground of the
lowest conductor:(1)No conductor of an overhead line ,including service
lines ,erected across any street shall at any part
thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low and medium voltage lines..5.8 meters.
(b) For high voltage lines..6.1 meters.
51
52
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] above ground of the
lowest conductor: (2). No conductor of an overhead line ,including
service lines ,erected along any street shall at any
part thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low and medium voltage lines..5.5 meters.
(b) For high voltage lines..5.8 meters
53
54
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] above ground of the lowest
conductor:(3). No conductor of an overhead line ,including service lines
,erected elsewhere than along or across any street shall at any
part thereof be at a height less than
(a) For low , medium and high voltage lines up to and including
11000 volts if bare ......4.6 meters.
(b) For low , medium and high voltage lines up to and including
11000 volts if insulated.....4 meters.
(c). For high voltage lines above 11000 volts.5.2 meters.
55
56
57
58
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] from buildings of low and medium
voltage lines and Service lines-
(1) Where a low or medium voltage overhead line passes above
or adjacent to or terminates on any building the following
minimum clearances from any accessible point. On the basis of
maximum sag,shall be observed.
(a) for any flat roof,open balcony ,verandah,roof and lean-to roof(i)Vertical clearance-2.5meters.
(ii) Horizontal clearance-1.2 meters.
59
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] from buildings of low and
medium voltage lines and Service
lines (b) for pitched roof
(i)Vertical clearance-2.5meters.
(ii) Horizontal clearance-1.2 meters.
(2)Any conductor so situated as to have a clearance
less than that specified in sub rule(1) shall be
adequately insulated and shall be attached at
suitable intervals to a bare earthed bearer wire
having a breaking strength of not less than 350Kg.
60
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] at different voltages on same
supports.
Where conductors forming parts of systems at different voltages
are erected on the same supports,the owner shall make
adequate provision to guard against danger to linesmen and
others from the lower voltage system being charged above its
normal working voltage by leakage from or contact with the
higher voltage system; and the methods of construction and
clearances between the conductors of the two systems shall be
subject to the prior approval of the Inspector.
61
62
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
[Link] crossing or approaching each
other-
(1)where an OH line crosses or in proximity to any
tele-communication line,either the owner of the OH
line or the tele-communication line,whoever lays his
line later,shall arrange to provide for protective
devices or guarding arrangements;in a manner laid
down in the code of practice or the guide lines
prepared by the PTCC and subject to the provisions
of the following sub rules-
63
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956.
2)When it is intended to erect a tele-communication
line or an OH line which will cross or be in proximity
to an overhead line or a tele-communication line ,as
the case may be, the person proposing to erect
such line shall give one months notice of his
intension so to do along with relevant details of
protection and drawings to the owner of the existing
line.
(3).Where an OH line crosses or in proximity to
another OH line,guarding arrangement shall be
provided so as to guard against the possibility of
their coming into contact with each other.
64
65
66
67
68
69
Clearances as Per IE Rule
1956. Where an OH line crosses another OH
line,Clearances
be as under.-in
Nominal System shall 11-66KV
110- meters220KV
voltage
400KV
132KV
Low& Medium
2.44
3.05
4.58
5.49
11-66KV
2.44
3.05
4.58
5.49
110-132KV
3.05
3.05
4.58
5.49
220KV
4.58
4.58
4.58
5.49
400KV
5.49
5.49
5.49
5.49
70
Distribution Standards
Components of Distribution lines:Supports
Stays
Conductors
Insulators
Coross arms.
Cables
Transformers
Fuse Units
Energy meters
71
IE Rule 1956
[Link] lines from overhead linesNo service line or tapping shall be taken off an OH
line except at a point of support.( Provided that the
number of tappings per conductor shall not be more
than Four in case of low and medium voltage
connections).
72
73
74
IE Rule 1956
[Link] intervals between supports:All Conductors shall be attached to supports at
intervals not exceeding the safe limits based on the
ultimate tensile strength of the conductor and the
factor of safety prescribed in Rule 76.
Provided that in the case of overhead lines carrying
low or medium voltage conductors ,when erected
in ,over,along or across any street ,the interval shall
not ,without the consent in writing of the
inspector,exceed 65 meters.
75
[Link]
Joints between conductors of an overhead
lines shall be mechanically and electrically
secure under the conditions of
operation.
[provided that no conductor of an overhead line
shall have more than two joints in a span].
76
77
78
79
IE Rule 1956
[Link]-(1)All metal supports and all RCC and PSC supports
of OH lines and metallic fittings attached thereto,shall be
permanently and efficiently [Link] this purpose a
continuous earth wire shall be provided and securely fastened to
each pole and connected with earth ordinarily at three points in
every [Link],each support and the metallic fitting
attached thereto shall be efficiently earthed.
(1)-Metallic bearer wire used for supporting insulated wires of low
and medium voltage /OH/service lines shall be efficiently earthed
or insulated.
(2) Each stay wire shall be similarly earthed unless an insulator
has been placed in at a height not less than 3 meter from the
ground.
80
Distribution Standards
Components of Distribution lines:Supports:The supports should have the following properties:i)High mechanical strength to withstand the weight
of conductors and wind loads etc.
ii)Light in weight without loss of mechanical strength.
iii)Cheap in cost and economical to maintain.
iv)Longer life .
81
Distribution Standards
Supports:-supports are made of the
following:-Wooden,Steel,Cement.
Wooden poles:These are made of seasoned wood(teak
wood etc).These are used for relatively
shorter span (up to 50mts).These poles are
generally tend to rot below the ground
[Link] to scarcity of wood this type of
poles are not used now a days.
82
Distribution Standards
Steel poles:These are of following types viz
i)rail poles ii)Tubular poles
iii)Rolled steel [Link])A-type poles.
Tubular poles are generally used for strret
light purposes .Other poles are not commonly
used .
83
84
Distribution Standards
Cement poles:These are of two types.
i)RCC(Rein forced Cement Concrete)&
ii)PSC(Pre-stressed Concrete).
RCC poles are heavy in weight and were
often manufactured at the site to avoid heavy
cost of transportation.
85
Distribution Standards
Cement poles:ii)PSC poles:These poles are most commonly used.
PSC poles are cheap in cost ,less in
weight,good mechanical strength as
compared to RCC poles.
Commonly used PSC poles are of 7mt,8 mt
and 9mt.
86
87
Distribution Standards
PSC pole:-(With GI wire and without GI wire)
7mt-250Kg(271Kg)-Rs.960/8mt-320Kg(330Kg)-Rs.1120/9mt-360Kg(490kg)-Rs.1450/-
88
Distribution Standards
Details of PSC Poles
I. Manufacturing, Testing and handling
of poles:
As per IS: 1343/80 -- Code of practice
for
pre stressed concrete
(concrete mix)
IS: 1678/60 specification for
PSC
poles
IS: 2905./66 Testing of poles
IS: 7321/74 Handling of poles
89
Distribution Standards
Design features of 9 M/ 200 Kg PSC Pole.
Factor of Safety = 2.5.
Dia of HTS Wire = 4 mm.
Ultimate Tensile Strength of Prestressing
Wire.
= 17500 Kg /cm 2
Number of Tensioned Wires = 12.
Number of UnTensioned Wires = 2
Weight of Pole
= 490 Kg.
Clear cover to Wires. = 20 mm.
Steel Quantity / Pole = 11.4 Kg.
90
8M
91
92
Section at Bottom
93
Cross section
Number of
steel wire
Bottom
Top
Tensione
d 4mm
dia
Un
tensioned
4mm dia
120kg
245 x
85mm
103 x
85mm
1.20M
8M
140kg
275 x
90mm
105 x
90mm
1.20M
9M
200kg
315 x
115 x
105mm 105mm
12
1.50M
Cate
gory
of
pole
Workin
g load
7M
Depth
below
G.L
94
Distribution Standards
Poles manufactured
: in pretension
method.
HTs wire specification : IS 6003/83
The maximum pre-tension in
4mm H.T.S indented wire : 1760 kg.
Concrete mix
: M 20 (1:1.5:3)
(cement: sand:
aggregate)
Minimum Cover
: 20 MM
95
Distribution Standards
Earth wire used in 9m poles : 8 MM
G.I. wire
(embedded, 100mm Projection at 250 mm
from top and 150mm below G.L)
No joining or coupling in wire
Compacting by spinning , shocking or
vibrating
96
Distribution Standards
Erection of DP Structures
For angle of deviation more than 100 DP
structures are erected
Pits taken along bisection of the angle of
deviation
Different types of DP structures
Stays to be provided with 7/3.15 mm [Link]
wire
97
98
99
100
Pin Insulator
F Type Bracket
11 KV Line
101
DP-
102
103
104
Distribution Standards
STAYS FOR SUPPORTS
Unbalanced strain or supports which can
cause tilting, up rooting or breaking of
support
To take care of the above STAYS,
ARE PROVIDED
105
Distribution Standards
STAYS FOR SUPPORTS: Types of Stays are:[Link] stay,[Link] stay.
Parts of Stay: Stay plates(stay Block)@Rs.120/-.
100x100x6mm-up to 3.25 tone.
230x230x6 mm-up to 5.5 tone.
300x300x6mm-up to 8 tone.
106
107
STAYS FOR SUPPORTS:Parts of Stay: Stay rod.
19,20mm diameter -2meter length for HT@
Rs.133&
12.5 mm,16mm diameter-1.5 meter length for
LT stays@ Rs.88.
Stay wire.
7/2.5mm for LT (4kg)@Rs.38/Kg.
7/3.15mm for HT(5Kg) @Rs.37/Kg.
108
109
STAYS FOR SUPPORTS
Parts of Stay:Stay tightner(Turn Buckle)@Rs.125.
Stay insulator:HT (Rs.28)& LT(Rs.16).
Stay Clamp:-LT & HT@Rs.16.
110
111
Distribution Standards
Stays are required
i) Angle locations
ii) Dead end locations
iii) Tee-off points
iv) Steps gradient locations
112
Distribution Standards
Classification of Stays
SINGLE STAY
DOUBLE STAY
FLY STAY
BOW STAY
STRUT
113
Single Stay
114
Double Stay
115
Fly Stay
116
Strut
Bow Stay
117
Distribution Standards
Installation of stays include
i) Excavation of stay pit and fixing stay rod
and stay plate.(2/3 of the Stay Rod to be
dug in the stay pit).
ii) Fastening stay wire to the support
iii) Tightening stay wire and fastening to
the Anchor
118
Distribution Standards
STAY INSULATORS.
IS : 5300 C - Type for 11 KV.
Basic Insulation Level
: 27 KV (rms)
Dry one minute power frequently with stand
voltage
Minimum failing Load
: 13 KV(rms)
Wet
Stay insulators to be located at a Height of
minimum 2.6 M from ground
119
Distribution Standards
Cross Arms:These are made of Wood,Iron,Fiber glass.
No insulators (Pin)are required for LT system if
fiber cross arms are used.
Wooden and GI Cross arms are used commonly.
GI cross arms are.
2line,4line ,angle cross arms,Channel cross
arms,V cross arms,F type cross arms etc.
120
121
Distribution Standards
2line cross arms
&4Line cross arms:Mainly used for LT
lines.
Rate:-Rs.127 / for
2line and Rs.241/- for
4line(with clamp).
V Cross arms with
CBN:Used for HT lines.
Rate:-Rs.442/-
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
Distribution Standards
GI Channel Cross arms:- (Mainly used for DP
structures).
GI channel cross arm 3mt(Rs.962)
GI channel cross arm 1.8mt(Rs.408)
GI channel cross arm 2.7mt(Rs.894).
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
Distribution Standards
Angle Cross arms:-(Mainly used for providing
side arms,cut posts etc.)
Angle cross arm 3mt(Rs.726).
Angle cross arm 2.5mt(Rs.688).
Angle cross arm 2mt(Rs.403).
143
11 KV- V Cross Arm
144
Distribution Standards
Insulators:The most commonly used material for overhead line
is porcelain but fibre glass and special composite
materials are also used to alimited extent.
Types of insulators:Pin Insulator,Suspension insulators,Strain insulators
, Shackle insulators and Stay insulators..
Fix insulators as per IS: 2486 (Part 1 & Part II)
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
Test Voltage of Insulators as per IS: 731
Highest
system
voltage
Wet power
freq.
withstand
test
Power freq.
puncture with
stand test
12 KV
(rms)
35 KV (rms) Pin
insulator
105 KV
(rms
Impulse
voltage
withstand
test
Strain
75 KV
insulator (peak
105 KV
(rms
152
Distribution Standards
Properties of conductors used in Distribution lines
Code name
Current carrying Resistance
capacity for 30
at 20degree
degree
ACSR
Squirrel
70A
Weight
(Kg/Km)
1.366 ohm
85
ACSR Weasel 100 A
0.905 ohm
127.77
ACSR Rabbit
148 A
0.54 ohm
213
ACSR Mink
167 A
0.454 A
255
ACSR
Raccoon
197 A
ACSR Dog
254 A
318
0.218
394
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
Standard Aluminium Stranded Conductors
Nominal
Stranding &
Aluminiu
Wire diameter
m Area
Sectional Area
Approx.
overall
diameter
Calculated Approx.
Approx. Resistance calculated
mass at 20Dg.C breaking
max.
load
mm2
mm
mm2
mm
kg/km
ohm/km
KN
25
7/2.21
26.58
6.63
74
1.093
4.52
50
7/3.10
52.83
9.3
145
0.5561
8.25
164
Standard Steel Cored Aluminium Conductors
Nominal
Aluminiu
m Area
Stranding &
Wire diameter
Sectional Total
Area of Section
Al.
al Area
Approx.
overall
diameter
Al.
4
mm2
mm
mm
mm2
mm2
mm
Kg/Km
ohm/km
KN
Amp
20
Squirrel
6/2.11
1/2.11
20.98
24.48
6.33
85
1.403
7.61
70
30
Weasel
6/2.59
1/2.59
31.61
36.88
7.77
128
0.9352
11.12
100
50 Rabbit 6/3.35
1/3.35
52.88
61.7
10.05
214
0.556
18.25
148
6/3.66
1/3.66
63.06
73.57
10.98
255
0.454
22.6
167
80
6/4.09
Raccoon
1/4.09
78.83
91.97
12.27
319
0.3736
26.91
197
60 Mink
Steel
5
Current
rating for
Calculated
Approx.
30 Dg.C
Approx. Resistance calculated
[Link]
mass
at 20Dg.C breaking
above
max.
load
40 Dg.C
ambiant
7
8
9
10
165
Voltage Regulation(
As per IE Rule 54
the LT VR should not vary by more than 6% & Ht VR By 9%)
Calculation :- Distance x Load
For calculating the Voltage regulation of the
main feeder,it is assumed that the loads on
the tap lines are concentrated at the point of
tapping and taking moments about the
section.
% Regulation=(Total KVA Kmx Regulation
constant per 100KVA Km)/100x DF.
166
Voltage Regulation
Diversity factor=Total Connected load/Peak
load.
eg: Total Connected load(in amps)=Total load in
KVA/1.732x11 Amps.
167
Voltage Regulation
Regulation constant for:Conductor
spacing
Power
factor
1.5mt
0.912 mt
Conductor size(ACSR)
Squirrel
Weasel
Rabbit
1
0.9
0.8
0.1219
0.1244
0.1178
0.0808
0.0869
0.0851
0.0482
0.0571
0.0574
1
0.9
0.8
0.1219
0.1233
0.1162
0.0808
0.0858
0.0827
0.0482
0.0559
0.0558
168
Definitions
Load factor=Average load over a designated period
Peak load in that period
Diversity factor=Connected load/Peak load.
LT Voltage regulation=Load in KWxDistance in KmxRc
Load factor x100
169
Polemounted
Transformer
Structure.
170
171
172
173
Installation of Transformer,
Switch gear etc
Phase to Phase clearance at the AB Switch shall be 914 mm
Phase to Earth clearance at the AB Switch shall be 610 mm
Unsupported length of 11 KV jumper shall be limited to
1.5 m and 2.44 m for stranded & solid conductors
respectively
Clearance of live part at transformer shall not be less
than 2.75m
Ground clearance of AB switch handle shall be 1.25m
174
Clearance between AB switch & DO fuse shall be a
minimum of 2.6m
Fencing of the TR. Yard or structure shall maintain
a clearance of 1.5m from other structure with a height
of 1.8m
Lightning arrestors shall be located between AB
switch & DO fuse
175
Distribution Standards
For out door TRs. Installations phase to
phase clearance at AB switch, DO fuse,
insulators etc shall be 910mm and
phase to earth clearance shall be
610mm
Clearance between live part of AB
switch & DO fuse supporting frame
shall not be less than 2.1 m
Fencing with a height of 1.8m & alround
clearance of 1.5m shall be provided
176
The minimum size of earth wire is 14 SWG copper
Earth wire should never be used as neutral
Earth wire should be protected from mechanical
damages
Copper strip of 25X3 mm or equivalent GI should
be run through out the installation as main earth bus
177
Distribution Standards
Earth electrodes should be 5m apart from
one another for pipe electrodes & 8m for
plate electrodes
Interconnection of earth shall be made
using largest size of conductor on the
earthing system
178
Pipe Earthing
Rod Earthing
I.D of GI pipe not
less than 38mm
Not less than
16mm dia if GI
Not less than
12.5mm dia if copper
The Length of rod and pipe electrodes Not less than 2.5m
Minimum depth of electrode in soil
2.5m
179
Where rock is encountered electrodes may
be buried inclined to the vertical.
Length of electrode not less than 2.5m;
angle of inclination not greater than 30
degree from vertical.
Pipes and rods shall be one piece, if
possible.
To reduce the depth of burial, a number of
rods or pipes shall be connected in
parallel.
180
Distribution Standards
The distance between two electrodes not
less than two times the length of electrode
preferably. The resistance of an electrode
decreases with depth but the effect is little
above 3 to 3.5 meter. Earth wires and
conductors -- of copper G.I, steel or
aluminium.
181
Distribution Standards
Effect of Moisture content on Soil
Resistivity
-Above around 20% moisture in soil, the
soil resistivity is very little affected.
Artificial treatment of soil.
-The effect of salt content in the moisture
soil reduces soil resistivity but the effect
is little after 4% of salt in moisture.
182
500
Variation of Soil Resistivity
with a moisture content.
400
300
200
12
100
Resistivity
of Soil in
Ohm
Metre.
5
10
15
20
25 30
Moisture in Salt , Percentage
35
40
183
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Resistivity
of soil in
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Ohm
Percentage of Salt in Moisture
Metre.
Variation of Soil Resistivity with Salt ( NaCl )content
clay Soil having 3 % moisture.
184
EARTHING OF DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS.
Five earth pipes of 2.5m length each
should be erected into the ground.
The minimum distance between the earth
pipes should be 5m.
8mm G.I wire shall be used for earth
leads.
185
Earth No.1
Earth No.2
Earth No.3
Earth No.4
Earth No. 5
earthing)
: L.A
: Transformer neutral
: Transformer neutral
Transformer body
: Transformer Body
All metal parts of structure
: Metal parts
: Insulator pins (duplicate
: Stay clamps
: AB switch body
: AB handle
: Supports for insulation etc.
186
Acceptable Earth
Resistance Limits
Domestic Installations: <10 Ohm
MV Industries:
<5 Ohm
HT Consumers:
<2 Ohm
Dept of Electrical Inspectorate
187
5M
N, BODY
BODY,
STRUCTURES
POLE
Transformer
Pipe
N
LA
AB Switch
Handle &
Metal Parts
Position of Transformer
and Earth Pipes.
188
Coil Earthing
189
Pipe Earthing
190
Distribution Standards
Rule 66 Metal sheathed Electric supply
Lines. Precautions against leakage
Rule 67 connection with Earth.
Rule 68 General conditions as to
transformation and control of energy
fencing protection, etc
Rule 69 Pole type substationHand rail to
be provided; to be earthed.
191
PTCC NORMS
Power cable shall be laid through pipes
at Telephone cable and Road crossings.
Along roads, concrete/brick covers with
Markings shall be provided.
Preferably 0.6m but not less than 0.3m
horizontal separation to be maintained
between power cable and telephone
cable.
For identification of U/G cable, route
markers to be pointed .
192
Distribution Standards
For identification of U/G cable, route
markers to be pointed .
Minimum depth of cable 0.75m and 1m
at road crossings.
The angle of crossing shall be 90
degree but not less than 60 degree.
The power system shall be equipped
with protective switch gear such that
duration of earth fault current should
not exceed 0.5 Seconds.
193
Joint inspection of 11KV route at the time
of preparing estimate.
Provisional Route Approval to be
obtained from BSNL.
Detailed Route map of the proposed 11KV
line showing telephone crossings,
location of transformer etc to be prepared
and along with the Performa, to be sent
to the AGM (CP), O/o PGM Telecom, BSNL
Bhavan, Ernakulam, Kochi 682016 with
copy to the Local SDET.
After verifications, PRA will be given by
the BSNL Authorities.
194
An invoice for removal of line, shifting
telephone lines, changing to UG cable etc will
be intimated by the BSNL authorities.
Assistant Engineer to measure the invoice and
is to be passed by competent authorities from
KSEB and to effect payment by DD to BSNL
authority (to the AGM, with intimation to local
SDET.)
On receiving, the local BSNL authorities carry
out the proposed shifting work.
195
On completion of Line works request
for energisation approval is to be sent
to the AGM along with the
remittance details.
E.A will be issued by the AGM normally
within one month.
Decision taken at the Central PTCC
meeting held at Darjeeling on 27.2.03
against unilateral charging of power
lines. Penalty for unilateral charges
after 1.4.03.
196
1. 11KV lines
: 1 lakh
2. 11KV up to 33KV lines
: 2 lakhs
3. Beyond 33KV
: 10 lakhs.
197
Voltage up to 650V Up to 12KV
Min. Clearance between power line
&Telecom line
: 1380mm
2130mm
Mini. Clearance between insulated
Weather proof wires & telephone line
:
915mm
Power lines Cross over Telecom lines.
198
Ele. Rule 1956
Rule 87 Lines crossing or Approaching
Each other.
Who ever lays his line later shall
provide guarding and protective
devices.
Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.
199
Approval from Electrical Inspector for the
energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
Rule 63 of IE Rules 1956
I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the lines
or apparatus are placed in position, properly
joined, duly completed and examined.
Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line or
apparatus unless approval is obtained from
the Electrical Inspector after satisfying
himself that the provisions of rules 65 to 69
have been complied with by the supplier
(KSEB)
200
Distribution Standards
Rule 88 Guarding:
Every guard wire shall be earthed at
each point at which its electrical
continuity is broken.
Every guard wire shall have a minimum
breaking strength of 635 kg .
Every guard wire should have sufficient
current carrying capacity.
201
Guarding for Electrical Lines
Guarding are to be provided at crossings.
Guard wires to be earthed at either end.
Breaking load of guard wires not less than
635kg.
Min. clearance between power wires and
guard wires1220mm.
202
Ele. Rule 1956
Rule 87 Lines crossing or Approaching
Each other.
Who ever lays his line later shall
provide guarding and protective
devices.
Who ever proposes the new line, one
months notice of his intention to be
given to the first entrant.
Expenses towards guarding and
protection arrangement to be borne by
the 2nd entrant.
203
Approval from Electrical Inspector for the
energisation of 11KV line or Transformer.
Rule 63 of IE Rules 1956
I -Supplier (KSEB) shall ensure that the lines
or apparatus are placed in position, properly
joined, duly completed and examined.
Supplier (KSEB) shall not energize the line or
apparatus unless approval is obtained from
the Electrical Inspector after satisfying
himself that the provisions of rules 65 to 69
have been complied with by the supplier
(KSEB)
204
Protective
Guarding
across Road
205
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PROCEDURE
Fill up the proforma , prepare Route map
of 11KV line, Transformer Installation-to
be done by Assistant Engineer
Send to the Electrical Inspector
concerned.
Remit the required Inspection Fees
Inspector shall inspect the site and
satisfy that the rules Are completed with
Electrical Inspector gives Energisation
Approval.
206
Distribution Standards
Details of Inspection Fees.
11KV Line
: Rs. 10/KM
Transformer
: Rs. 2/KVA
AB switch
: Rs. 1/Amp
Earth
: Rs. 25/earth.
Mode of payment
: Treasury Chelan
A/c Head
: 0043-102
Purpose
: Inspection fee.
207
GUIDELINES FOR CABLE TV DRAWAL
1. Ground clearance along street
:
3050mm
2. ..do..
across the road
:
5800mm
3. vertical clearance from lowest power :
1200mm
conductor
4. Bearer wire breaking strength
350 kg
:
208
Distribution Standards
5. Porcelain, tension and pin insulators
used as supporting and stringing the
bearer wire.
6. The bearer wire shall be sectionalized
and shall not exceed 4 spans. Each
section should be earthed in duplicate at
start and points with No. 8 S,W,G GI wire
used Earthing electrodes of 38 mm
diameter.
209
Distribution Standards
7. 130 mm horizontal clearance from pole for
bearer wire and cable. Cables to be bound to
bearer wire at an interval of 1250mm.
8. Operating voltage of booster shall not
exceed 110 v
210
Distribution Standards
GUIDELINES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR LAYING
11KV /LT U/G CABLES
KSEB should be the applicant.
Approval will be given to KSEB only
Required form (form A&B)
questionnaire, Route Diagram etc
should be attached along with the
request.
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
