Distribution System
Distribution System
Main function is to deliver power from the transmission
system to end consumer.
Part of the system which is from the distribution
substation to the consumer
Distribution Utilities in the Philippines
120 Electric Cooperatives
19 Private and LGU-Owned
Distribution Utilities
Distribution System
Main function is to
Distribution System
Main Physical Parts:
Substation
Feeders
Distributors
Service Mains
Distribution System - Classifications
Nature of Current
AC Distribution
DC Distribution
Type of Construction
Overhead
Underground
Connection Scheme
Radial
Ring main
Interconnected
Nature of Current - AC Distribution
AC distribution is from the step down transformer after the
transmission system to the consumer meter
Classifications
Primary Distribution This is the part of the distribution
system that carries bulk power to the load centers. The power
is at a higher voltage than the useable voltage of the
consumers.
Secondary Distribution This is the part of the distribution
system that have voltages that end consumers can utilize.
Nature of Current - AC Distribution
Subtransmission Lines
Primary Distribution Lines
(Main Feeder)
Substation
Transformer
Primary Distribution
Lines (Laterals)
Misc Loads
Distribution voltages in the
Philippines
Subtransmission: 115, 69 kV
Distribution
Transformer
Secondary Distribution Lines
Service
Drop
Residential
Commercial
Primary: 4.16, 13.8, 23 , 34.5
kV
Secondary: 230 volts
Industrial
Nature of Current - AC Distribution
Nature of Current - AC Distribution
Distribution Substation
Primary & Secondary
Distribution
Nature of Current - AC Distribution
Pole-Mounted
Transformer
Distribution Transformers
Pad-Mounted
Transformer
Nature of Current - DC Distribution
DC distribution is used when the DC machines are present,
when using storage batteries among others.
Classifications
2 wire DC system Loads are connected across
the outgoing line and the return line. This is used
mostly on low voltages because of its low efficiency.
3 wire DC system Uses two outer lines and a
Neutral line. This is used to provide two different
voltages.
Nature of Current - DC Distribution
Methods of obtaining a 3 wire DC system
Two generator method
3 wire DC generator
Balancer set
Nature of Current - DC Distribution
Two generator method
generator
3 wire DC
Nature of Current - DC Distribution
Balancer set Two DC machines are connected in series to a 2
wire DC system. When the load is not balanced, the machine
connected to the lighter load acts as a motor and the machine
connected to the heavier load acts as a generator. This setup
balances the voltage between the machines.
Construction - Overhead
Overhead lines are cheap to construct. The initial cost of
underground systems can be as high as five times that of
overhead systems.
Overhead lines are flexible in terms of physical changes in the
construction. It is easier to add, replace and change supports
and equipment on overhead lines compared to underground
lines.
Overhead lines have more ampacity for the same insulation
and cross sectional area.
Construction - Underground
Underground lines are safe because the lines are away from
the public.
Faults in underground constructions are very rare because of
better insulation and because underground lines are generally
isolated.
In terms of appearance, underground lines are less
obstructive.
Underground lines have less inductive reactance.
Underground lines have a longer life span. Overhead lines can
have a useful life of 25 years while underground lines can
have up to 50 years.
Underground lines have a low maintenance cost because of
Connection Scheme - Radial
Only one source
Large current at the feeders
Farthest consumers will
experience voltage
fluctuations and possibly a
large voltage drop
Connection Scheme Ring Main
Less voltage fluctuation
Each distributor is fed by
two feeders
Connection Scheme Interconnected
The ring is supplied by
two or more sources.
Increased reliability
Loads can be powered
by two or more sources.
This reduces the
reserve power capacity
needed by each source
and increases
efficiency.
Distribution System Requirements
Good power quality:
Voltage Drop/Voltage Regulation (not more than 10% VR)
Harmonics (not more than 5% THD)
Frequency (not more than 0.5% of nominal frequency)
Phase Imbalance (not more than 3% from average voltage)
Availability of power on demand
Reliability
Distribution System Design
Considerations
System Capacity
Distribution Transformer
Loading
Conductor Capacity
Feeders are designed to
carry a large amount of
current. Voltages are
secondary considerations.
Distributors are designed
to provide proper voltage.
Load Characteristic
Factors
Load factor (less than
0.7)
Demand factor (less than
0.6)
Type of Load
Industrial
Commercial
Residential
Future Loading/Load
Forecasting
Distribution System Design
Considerations Load Characteristic
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
Distribution System Design
Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics
100
Percent of Peak Load
80
60
40
20
Residential
load
12
12
12
Distribution System Design
Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics
100
Percent of Peak Load
80
60
40
Commercial
load
20
12
12
12
Distribution System Design
Considerations Load Characteristic
Load Characteristics
100
Percent of Peak Load
80
60
40
Industrial
load
20
0
12
12
12
Distribution System Design
Considerations Future
Loading/Load Forecasting
Source:
Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems by
Anthony J. Pansini