IP101.
2
Internet Protocol Address
Open System Interconnection
Type of Communications:
E-mail, file transfer,
client/server
Encryption, data
conversion: ASCII to
EBCDIC, BCD to Binary
Starts, stop session,
maintain order
Ensures delivery of entire
file
Routes data based on
network address
Transmit packets from
node to node based on
station address.
Electrical signals and
cabling
What is Internet Protocol Address?
W .
0 .
X
0
.
.
255 .
255 .
Y
0
.
.
255 .
X
0
255
Each IP address has two parts a network ID and a host ID.
The network ID identifies the physical network.
The host ID identifies the workstation, server, router or other devices.
Network ID and Host ID
Two formats of IP address:
Binary
Dotted Decimal
Each IP address is 32-bit long and composed of four 8-bit fields.
Each 8-bit field is an octet, therefore the range is 0 255.
The 32 bits are allocated to the network ID and host ID.
The human-readable format of an IP address is the dotted decimal notation.
Dotted Decimal
The above example contains both decimal notation and binary format.
A bit that is set to Zero (0) always has a zero value.
A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value.
The low-order bit represents a decimal value of one.
The highest decimal value of an octet is 255 that is, when all bits are set to
one.
Converting IP Addresses from Binary to Decimal
When each bit is converted, the highest value in the octet is 255.
Each octet is converted separately.
A bit that is set to 0 always has a zero value.
A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value.
The low-order bit is a decimal value of 1.
The highest order bit represents a decimal of 128.
Dotted Decimal
The following table shows how the bits in one octet are converted.
Binary
Bit Values
Decimal
Value
0000-0000
0000-0001
0000-0011
1+2
0000-0111
1+2+4
0000-1111
1+2+4+8
15
0001-1111
1+2+4+8+16
31
0011-1111
1+2+4+8+16+32
63
0111-1111
1+2+4+8+16+32+64
127
1111-1111
1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128 255
Quiz
Convert the following.
Binary Value
Decimal
10001011
10101010
10111111.11100000.00000111.10000001
01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001
Convert the following to binary format.
Decimal
250
19
[Link]
[Link]
Binary
Address Classes
The Internet community has defined 5 IP address classes (A,B,C,D,E) only
A, B and C addresses are assigned to hosts.
The 32-bit IP addressing scheme supports a total 3,720,314,628 hosts.
Number of
Networks
No. of Hosts
per Network
Range of
Network IDs
(1st Octet)
Class A
126
16,777,214
1 - 126
Class B
16,384
65,534
128 - 191
Class C
2,097,152
254
192 - 223
Note: The network ID cannot be 127. This ID is reserved for loopback and
diagnostic functions.
Address Classes
Class D
Class D are used for multicast group usage.
There are no network or host bits in the multicast operations.
Class E
Class E is an experimental address not available for general use because it is reserved for
future use.
Address Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C
Quiz
Write the address class next to each IP address.
Address
Class
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Which address class (es) allow you to have more than 1,000 hosts per
network?
Which address class(es) allow only 254 hosts per network?
Subnetting
Subnet bits
Network
Number
Node Addresses Broadcast Address
0000
[Link]
Reserved
None
0001
[Link]
.17 thru .30
[Link]
0010
[Link]
.33 thru .46
[Link]
0011
[Link]
.49 thru .62
[Link]
0100
[Link]
.65 thru .78
[Link]
0101
[Link]
.81 thru .94
[Link]
0110
[Link]
.97 thru .110
[Link]
0111
[Link]
.113 thru .126
[Link]
1000
[Link]
.129 thru .142
[Link]
1001
[Link]
.145 thru .158
[Link]
1010
[Link]
.161 thru .174
[Link]
1011
[Link]
.177 thru .190
[Link]
1100
[Link]
.193 thru .206
[Link]
1101
[Link]
.209 thru .222
[Link]
1110
[Link]
.225 thru .238
[Link]
1111
[Link]
Reserved
None
Subnetting
A subnet is a physical segment in a TCP/IP environment derived from a
single network ID.
Typically, an organization acquires one network ID from APNIC or InterNIC..
Implementing Subnet
Determine the number of physical segments on your network.
Determine the number of required host addresses for each physical segment.
Each TCP/IP host requires at least one IP address.
Based on your parameters, define:
One subnet mask for your entire network.
A unique subnet ID for each physical segment.
A range of host IDs for each subnet.