Training of Trainors (TOT)

May 14 - 18, 2007

Program 1:
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Module 2:
Descriptive Statistics

Statistical Research & Training Center

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Training of Trainors (TOT)

Module 2
Piles of raw data, by themselves, may
neither be interesting nor informative.
However, when presented in summary
form, they may be much more
meaningful to us.
Module Objectives

Describe data characteristics by computing

measures of location and central tendency
Calculate measures of dispersion to obtain a
clearer picture of the data behavior
Provide graphical representation of the data
behavior

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Agenda

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variation
Tables and Graphs

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1. Measures of Cntrl
Tndency

Average (or mean) the sum of the

data divided by the number of data
Median the middle observation
when the data set is sorted (in either
increasing or decreasing order)
Mode the value that occurs most
frequently
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1.1. Mean

When data set forms a population

the average of the data is the

population average or population
mean; denoted by the Greek letter
(read mu).
estimated from the sample data
through the sample mean or
sample average;
(read as x bar)
X
used to denote the sample average

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1.1. Mean

Formula
n

X1 X 2 X n
X

n
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X
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1.1. Mean: Example

The heights (in meters) of

sampled volcanoes are as follows:
Volcano

Height

Mariveles

1420

Smith

688

Biliran

1187

Bulusan

1559

Calayo

302

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1.1. Mean: Example

1420 688 1187 1559 302
X
5
1031.2

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1.1. Mean: Using MS Excel

= AVERAGE(B2:B6)
= 1031.2

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1.1. Mean

Basic Features of the Sample

Mean

Easy to calculate
Gives equal weights to each
observation
Easily distorted by extreme values
e.g. data on income
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1.2. Median

Given list of data x1, x2, , xn,

sorted from smallest to largest (or
vice versa)

If the size n of the data is odd, then

the median is x(n+1)/2

If size is even, the median is the

average of the two middle scores,
i.e (xn/2 + x(n+2)/2 )/2
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1.2. Median: Example with

Excel
= MEDIAN(B2:B6)
= 1187

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1.2. Median

Basic Features of the Sample

Median

Easy to compute
Ignores all data values except the
middlemost value
Less sensitive to extreme
observations
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1.3. Mode

Data set can be unimodal,

bimodal or multimodal (or it can
have no mode)

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1.3. Mode: Example

Number of Hours spent watching

TV:
3,4,5,1,4,4,3,3,4
Mode = 4

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1.3. Mode

Basic Features of the Sample

Mode

Useful for categorical or nominal

data
Easy to compute

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1.4. Other Measures of

Centrality
n

W X

Weighted Mean i 1n
Wi
i

i 1

where Wi is the weight of

observation Xi n X 1 X 2 X n

Geometric Mean

Midrange = (max{Xi}+min{Xi})/2

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1.4. Other Measures:

Example

Suppose that the numbers {2,5,9}

are given such that the number 2
and 9 appear 25% of the time, while
the number 5 appears 50% of the
time.
(0.25)(2) (0.50)(5) (0.25)(9)

Weighted Mean =
= 5.25

While

0.25 0.50 0.25

259
3

= 5.33

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1.4. Other Measures:

Example

GM = (2 x 5 x 7)1/3 = 4.49
Midrange

5 2 7
= 2 2

= 3.50

Of the three measures of centrality,

the mean and the weighted mean
appear to be in agreement.

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1.5. Measures of Location

Describes the data distribution, i.e. how

data are distributed on the real line
Quartiles values that separate sorted
data into four equal groups
Percentiles separate the sorted data
into 100 equal groups

1st quartile (Q1) 25% of data are below it

Q2 = the median
Q3 (upper quartile) point such that 75%
of the observations are below it

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1.5. Location Measures:

Example

25 data points representing

difference in scores of two players:

-47, -38, -15, -3, -47, 28, -1, 16, -22,

-25, 37, -48, 38, -7, -28, -47, 26,
20, -8, 40, 34, -24, 48, -28,

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1.5. Location Measures:

Example

Sorted Data:

-48 -47
-24 -22
20 26

-47
-15
28

-47
-8
34

-38
-7
37

-28 -28 -25

-3
-1 10 16
38 40 48

Q1= 28 (the 25% of 25 = 6.25th

observation or the 7th)
Q2 (median) = 7
Q3 = 26 (the 75% of 25 = 18.75th or
19th observation); and the midline as
(-28+26)/2 = -1.

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1.5. Location Measures: W/

Excel

Sorting
data with
sort icon

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1.5. Location Measures: W/

Excel

Q1 = QUARTILE(A2:A26,1)
Q2 = QUARTILE(A2:A26,2) ,
Q3 = QUARTILE(A2:A26,3)

enter these commands in any two

unoccupied cells

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2. Measures of Variation

Range
Inter-quartile Range
Five-Number Summary
Mean Absolute Deviation
Variance and Standard Deviation
Coefficient of Variation (CV)
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2.1. Range

difference between the largest and

smallest values

Range = max{Xi} min{Xi}

easy to compute, but hardly used

for statistical analysis
extremely sensitive to unusually
large or small values
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2.2. Inter-quartile Range

difference between the upper and

lower quartiles

Inter-quartile Range = Q3-Q1

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2.3. Five-Number Summary

consists of the smallest value, the

lower quartile, the median, the upper
quartile and the largest value
Example: From the previous data set

Range= 48-(-48) = 96
Inter-quartile range = 28-(-78) = 54
Min Value = -48
Max Value = 48
Median = -7

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2.4. Mean Absolute Deviation

deviation from the average

= entry - average

average of these deviations is

always 0

average of absolute values of

these deviations = mean
absolute deviation (MAD)

Xi X
measuring
useful for
spread

n
MAD =
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2.4. MAD: Example

Using the number {2,5,9} we

obtain

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2.5. Variance & SD

Variance mean of the squared

deviations from the average
Standard deviation (SD) square
root of the variance

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2.5. Variance & SD

Chebychevs Inequality
indicates that for all data sets

at least three fourths of the data are

within two standard deviations from
the mean
at least eight ninths of the data are
within three standard deviations
from the mean.
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2.5. Variance & SD: Example

Sample Data Deviations from
the Average

Squared
Deviations

-47

-48

2304

28

27

729

37

36

1296

-47

-48

2304

34

33

1089

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2.5. Variance & SD: Example

To compute for standard deviation

1. compute the sample mean, i.e. sum the

values in the first column and divide by

the number of items thus yielding
2. subtract the sample mean from each of
the items (yielding the deviations from
the average): (2nd column in the table)
3. square the deviations from the average
(2nd column): (3rd column in the table)

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2.5. Variance & SD: Example

To compute for standard deviation

4. sum the values in the third column and

divide by one less than the number of

data, thus yielding s2 = 7722/4 = 1930.5
5. take the square root of the result from (4):
s = 43.937

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2.5. Variance & SD in Excel

standard deviation = STDEV(A2:A6)
= s = 43.397
According to Chebychevs Inequality,
we may expect at least of the data
to be within the interval from 12(43.397) = -86.87 up to
1+2(43.397) = 88.87. The
Chebychev bound may be quite
conservative. In fact, here, all the
data are within this interval
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2.6. Coefficient of Variation

(CV)

the ratio of the standard deviation

to the mean, expressed in percent.

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2.6. CV: Example

Province

Data

Mean

SD

CV

392, 103, 450, 1040, 425.4 271.42 0.64

201, 501, 294,385,
672, 216

1264, 1041, 2889,

719, 14021, 10793,
823, 570, 602, 573

3329. 4892.8 1.47

5
4

1124, 578, 489,

3913, 1452, 2059,
632, 1668, 848, 416

1317. 1064.6 0.81

9
4

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3. Tables and Graphs

Box-Plots
Frequency Table
Histograms
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Pie Chart

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3.1. Box-Plots

incorporates the concepts of the

five-number summary
Example: income of 100 car loan
clients

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3.1. Box-Plots: Example

(contd)

Q1 = 23750; Q3 = 51880

inter-quartile range = 51880-23750 =

28130

cutoff points for to determine

outliers:

23750-1.5*28130 = -18445
51880+1.5*28130 = 94075

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3.1. Box-Plots: Example

(contd)
income
149700

16400

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3.2. Frequency Table

specifies class intervals and

respective frequencies of data falling
into the intervals
To determine no. of class intervals (k)

Sturges rule:
k = smallest integer to 1+log(n)/log(2)
1+3.332log(n)

where n = no. of data

Example: n = 100; then k = 7

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3.2. Frequency Table:

Example

frequency table for incomes

Income Interval

Frequen
cy

Above 0 up to and including 25,000

31

Above 25,000 up to and including

50,000

40

Above 50,000 up to and including

75,000

22

Above 75,000 up to and including

100,000

Above 100,000 up to and including

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3.2. Frequency Table:

Example

cumulative frequency table for

Income Interval
Cumulativ
incomes

e
Frequency

Above 0 up to and including 25,000

31

Above 25,000 up to and including

50,000

71

Above 50,000 up to and including

75,000

93

Above 75,000 up to and including

100,000

97

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Above 100,000
up to and including
125,000

99

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3.2. Frequency Table:

Example

another frequency table for incomes

Income Interval

Frequenc
y

Below 25,000

31

From 25,000 up but less than

50,000

40

From 50,000 up but less than

75,000

22

From
75,000
up But less than
table
construction
involves
100,000

decisions

100,000 and above

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arbitrary
3

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3.3. Histogram

From the first frequency table, we

get the following histogram
Frequency

Histogram
60
40
20
0
25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

Bins

Income Distribution

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3.3. Histogram

Distributions of incomes (as in the

histogram) and prices tend to be
skewed to the right due to
presence of a few high figures.
Data pertaining to scores in an
examination tend to be symmetric
(and in fact, are typically modeled
by a bell-shaped curve).
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3.3. Histogram

Data pertaining to the lifelengths of

some semi-conductors are skewed
to the left. Such results when a
few semi-conductors readily fail,
with most of the items having a
rather long life.

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3.4. Stem-and-Leaf Display

(SLD)

Major limitation of frequency

distributions is that when the data
are grouped into class intervals,
the original data are lost.
This limitation is overcome by
stem-and-leaf display.

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3.4. SLD: Example

Income data, in thousands

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3.4. SLD: Example

Sorting the data,

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3.4. SLD: Example

Stem-and-Leaf
Display of Incomes

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3.5. Pie Chart

circle divided into sectors, each sector
representing the categories of the data
area of each sector represents relative
proportion of data falling in the
category
total pie or circle represents 100% of
all the data
biggest slice of pie corresponds to the
modal category, i.e. category that
occurs most frequently
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3.5. Pie Chart: Example

Frequency Table
for Number of Dependents of Bank Customers
Number of
Dependents

Frequenc
y

11

18

18

22

16

15

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3.5. Pie Chart: Example

Pie Chart
Number of Dependents of Bank Customers

Number of Dependents

1
2
3
4
5
6

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WORKSHOP 2
Prepare a group presentation for each
of the following:
1.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a commonly

generated measure of the health
conditions in an area. The higher the IMR
of an area, the less healthy the place is.
According to the National Demographic
Survey ,conducted in 1995 by the National
Statistics Office, IMR in the Visayas and
Mindanao regions is generally
homogenous.

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WORKSHOP 2
Prepare a group presentation for
each of the following:
Given the following IMR rates for
sample provinces in Visayas and for
Mindanao, calculate the sample
averages of the IMRs for Visayas and
for Mindanao. Compare the health
conditions in the two major islands.
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WORKSHOP 2
INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN VISAYAS
AND MINDANAO PROVINCES: 1995
Region
Visayas

Province

IMR

Aklan

62.17

Antique

52.40

Bohol

53.93

E. Samar

71.40

Iloilo

50.98

N. Samar

66.60

Negros Occ.

53.98

Romblon
Siquijor

43.8
45.30

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WORKSHOP 2
INFANT MORTALITY RATE IN VISAYAS
AND MINDANAO PROVINCES: 1995
Region

Province

Mindana
o
Agusan del Sur

IMR

Province

IMR

52.07 Misamis Occidental

65.00

Basilan

63.72 Misamis Oriental

56.10

Bukidnon

87.20 S. Cotabato

52.84

Camiguin

67.10 Sultan Kudarat

83.40

Davao del Norte

60.07 Surigao de Norte

63.90

Davao del Sur

48.94 Surigao del Sur

62.12

Davao Oriental

Zamboanga del
58.80 Norte

62.31

Lanao del Norte

94.00

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WORKSHOP 2
2.

Human Development Index (HDI) is a

proxy measure of economic development.
It is anchored on the quality of life,
largely different from an economic growth
perspective as typically measured by
gross national product and gross
domestic product. The higher the value
of HDI in an area, the higher is the quality
of life of the people living in this area.
Using data from the succeeding table,
determine the lower and upper quartiles
and the median. Solve also for the
midhinge and the trimean.

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WORKSHOP 2
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BY PROVINCE: 1997
PROVINCES

HDI

PROVINCES

HDI

Abra

0.579

Cagayan

0.552

Apayao

0.529

Isabela

0.603

Benguet

0.624

Nueva Viscaya

0.576

Ifugao

0.448

Quirino

0.552

Kalinga

0.522

Bataan

0.723

Mt. Province

0.541

Bulacan

0.700

Ilocos Norte

0.644

Nueva Ecija

0.602

Ilocos Sur

0.615

Pampanga

0.646

La Union

0.617

Tarlac

0.604

Pangasinan

0.611

Zambales

0.598

Batanes

0.709

Aurora

0.585

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WORKSHOP 2
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BY PROVINCE: 1997
PROVINCES

HDI

PROVINCES

HDI

Batangas

0.681

Camarines Norte

0.549

Cavite

0.721

Camarines Sur

0.568

Laguna

0.673

Catanduanes

0.550

Marinduque

0.582

Masbate

0.487

Occidental
Mindoro

0.553

Sorsogon

0.589

Oriental Mindoro

0.592

Aklan

0.553

Palawan

0.535

Antique

0.550

Quezon

0.599

Capiz

0.543

Rizal

0.690

Guimaras

0.555

Romblon

0.533

Iloilo

0.584

Occidental

0.539

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0.556

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WORKSHOP 2
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BY PROVINCE: 1997
PROVINCES

HDI

PROVINCES

HDI

Bohol

0.543

Zamboanga del
Norte

Cebu

0.556

Zamboanga del Sur

0.521

Negros Oriental

0.494

Bukidnon

0.533

Siquijor

0.509

Camiguin

0.532

Biliran

0.522

Misamis Occidental

0.533

Eastern Samar

0.509

Misamis Oriental

0.540

Leyte

0.520

Davao (Norte)

0.525

Northern Samar

0.482

Davao del Sur

0.517

Samar

0.492

Davao Oriental

0.492

Southern Leyte

0.550

Southern Cotabato

0.532

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Saranggani

Basilan
0.434
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0.505

0.489

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WORKSHOP 2
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BY PROVINCE: 1997
PROVINCES

HDI

PROVINCES

HDI

Lanao del Norte

0.465

Surigao del Sur

0.516

Cotabato (North)

0.514

Lanao del Sur

0.321

Sultan Kudarat

0.546

Maguindanao

0.403

Agusan del Norte

0.512

Sulu

0.331

Agusan del Sur

0.478

Tawi-Tawi

0.425

Surigao del Norte

0.526

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WORKSHOP 2
Traffic accidents are very prevalent in
the metropolis. The Traffic
Management Group of the Philippine
National Police identified varying
causes of accidents. The table below
shows that most of the accidents are
caused by driving error, that is, people
are driving with little knowledge of
how top drive properly. Provide a
graphical presentation of these data to
express the nature of Traffic Accidents
in the National Capital Region (NCR).
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WORKSHOP 2
TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS BY CAUSE IN NCR: 2000
Causes
Driving Error

Cases

Causes

1,116 Bad Overtaking

Cases
37

Drunk Driving

110 Overloading

Mechanical
Defect

339 Seld-accident

99

Overspeeding

115 Bad Training

29

Road Defect

82

Using Cellphone

Hit and run

43

Others

TOTAL

331

3
79
2,383

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WORKSHOP 2
4.

Three hundred
students taking
a first course in
Statistics are
provided a
common final
examination.
This histogram
shows the
distribution of
the final score:
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WORKSHOP 2
4.

(contd) Answer the following:

a.

b.
c.
d.

e.

Which blocks represent the students who scored

between 80 and 100?
About what percentage scored below 60?
About how many students scored between 70 and
90?
Suppose the professor will give 30% weight to the
Final Examination, what effect would multiplying
30% on all the Final Scores have on the mean of the
Final Exam Scores? on the standard deviation of the
Final Exam Scores?
Suppose the professor wants to bloat the Final
Examination Scores, what effect would adding 5
points to all the Final Scores have on the mean of
the Final Exam Scores? on the standard deviation of
the Final Exam Scores?

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WORKSHOP 2
5.

The following stem-and-leaf display

represent the amount of kilos of rice
purchased in a month by a sample of
25 households:
4
5
6
7
8

|
|
|
|
|

603
94133
652776375
423972
13

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Training of Trainors (TOT)

71

WORKSHOP 2
5.

(contd)
a.
b.

c.

d.

Write the data into an ordered list of numbers.

What amount of rice is most likely to be
purchased?
Obtain the mean and standard deviation of the list
of purchases.
Is there a concentration of the purchase amounts
in the center of the distribution?

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Training of Trainors (TOT)

72

WORKSHOP 2
6.

According to the succeeding table, there

were 3.1 million unemployed Filipinos in
2000, most of whom were male.
Considering the variability of data, find out
which between the sexes is more
homogenous by solving for the coefficient
of variation. Among the three major
islands (viz., Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao), which is the least scattered?
(Note: Luzon is composed of Regions 1 to
5, CAR and NCR, Visayas consists of
Regions 6,7 and 8 while Mindanao is
composed of Regions 9 to 13 and ARMM).

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73

Training of Trainors (TOT)

WORKSHOP 2
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX & REGION: 2000 (in
thousands)
Region

Male

Female

Philippines

1978

1156

NCR

498

267

CAR

25

15

97

50

35

27

186

115

349

173

95

63

136

93

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[Link] Concept of Poverty & Well Being

74

Training of Trainors (TOT)

WORKSHOP 2
UNEMPLOYED PERSONS BY SEX & REGION: 2000 (in
thousands)
Region

Male

Female

159

78

69

48

45

35

10

45

36

11

118

73

12

58

32

13

51

28

ARMM

11

20

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[Link] Concept of Poverty & Well Being

End of Program 1, Module

2

Statistical Research & Training Center

[Link]

THANK YOU

Statistical Research & Training Center

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