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Determining IP Routes
Module 3

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What Is Routing?

To route, a router needs to do the following:

Know the destination address
Identify the sources it can learn from
Discover possible routes
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information
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What Is Routing? (Cont.)

Routers must learn destinations that are

not directly connected.
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Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

Static Route
Uses a route that a
network administrator
enters into the router
manually

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Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a
network routing
protocol adjusts
automatically for
topology or traffic
changes

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Static Routes

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from

a stub network to allow communications to occur

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Static Route Configuration

Router(config)#ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host

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Static Route Example

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route

configured in the opposite direction.
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Default Routes

This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
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Verifying the Static

Route Configuration

router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is [Link] to network [Link]
C
S*

[Link]/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets

[Link] is directly connected, Serial0
[Link]/0 is directly connected, Serial0

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What Is a Routing Protocol?

Routing protocols are

used between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
After the path is
determined, a router can
route a routed protocol.

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ICND v2.13-11

Autonomous Systems: Interior or

Exterior Routing Protocols

An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
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Administrative Distance:
Ranking Routes

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the
subnet mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign
networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
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Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length
subnet mask (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled within
the network.
Examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
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Routing Protocol
Comparison Chart

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ICND v2.13-17

Using the ip classless Command

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ICND v2.13-18

Distance Vector Routing

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ICND v2.13-19

19

Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be
able to:
Describe the features offered by distance vector
routing protocols and give examples of each
Describe the issues associated with distance
vector routing and identify solutions to those
issues

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ICND v2.13-20

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors.
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ICND v2.13-21

Sources of Information and

Discovering Routes

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor.
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Selecting the
Best Route with Metrics

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Maintaining Routing Information

Updates proceed step-by-step

from router to router.
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Inconsistent Routing Entries

Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network.

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Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.

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ICND v2.13-26

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Router C concludes that the best path to network

[Link] is through router B.
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Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count.
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ICND v2.13-28

Count to Infinity

Hop count for network [Link] counts to infinity.

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ICND v2.13-29

Defining a Maximum

Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops.

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Routing Loops

Packets for network [Link] bounce (loop) between

routers B and C.
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Split Horizon

It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original
information came.

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ICND v2.13-32

Route Poisoning

Routers advertise the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity.

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ICND v2.13-33

Poison Reverse

Poison reverse overrides split horizon.

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ICND v2.13-34

Holddown Timers

The router keeps an entry for the possibly down state in the
network, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this
topology change.
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ICND v2.13-35

Triggered Updates

The router sends updates when a change in its routing table occurs.

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ICND v2.13-36

Distance Vector Operation

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ICND v2.13-37

Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-38

Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-39

Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-40

Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-41

Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-42

RIP Overview

Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4)

Hop-count metric selects the path
Routes update every 30 seconds
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ICND v2.13-43

IP Routing
Configuration Tasks

Router configuration
Select routing protocols.
Specify networks or
interfaces.

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Dynamic Routing Configuration

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]

Defines an IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Mandatory configuration command for each

IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network that
routing updates are forwarded to

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ICND v2.13-45

RIP Configuration

Router(config)#router rip

Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

Requires a major classful network number

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ICND v2.13-46

RIP Configuration Example

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ICND v2.13-47

Verifying the RIP Configuration

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ICND v2.13-48

Displaying the
IP Routing Table

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ICND v2.13-49

debug ip rip Command

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ICND v2.13-50

Enabling IGRP

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ICND v2.13-51

51

Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be
able to:
Describe the features and operation of IGRP
Use Cisco IOS commands to configure dynamic
routing using IGRP, given a functioning router
Use show and debug commands to identify
anomalies in dynamic routing operation using
IGRP, given an operational router

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ICND v2.13-52

Introducing IGRP

More scalable than RIP

Sophisticated metric
Multiple path support
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ICND v2.13-53

IGRP Composite Metric

Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
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IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths

Maximum 6 paths (default = 4)

Within metric variance
Next-hop router closer to destination
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ICND v2.13-55

Configuring IGRP

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

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ICND v2.13-56

Configuring IGRP (Cont.)

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Controls IGRP load balancing

Router(config-router)#traffic-share {balanced | min}

Controls how load-balanced traffic is distributed

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ICND v2.13-57

IGRP Configuration Example

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ICND v2.13-58

Verifying the IGRP Configuration

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ICND v2.13-59

Displaying the IP Routing Table

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ICND v2.13-60

debug ip igrp transaction Command

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ICND v2.13-61

debug ip igrp events Command

RouterA#debug ip igrp events

IGRP event debugging is on
RouterA#
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to [Link] via Ethernet0 ([Link])
00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to [Link] via Serial2 ([Link])
00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1
00:23:48: IGRP: received update from [Link] on Serial2
00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

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ICND v2.13-62

Updating Routing Information

Example

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ICND v2.13-63

Updating Routing Information

Example (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-64

Updating Routing Information

Example (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-65

Updating Routing Information

Example (Cont.)

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ICND v2.13-66