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Understanding Control Charts in Statistics

This document discusses different types of control charts for analyzing continuous variable and attribute data. It provides examples of X-bar and R charts for variables data with more than one observation per subgroup, as well as P, NP, U and C charts for attribute data where occurrences and non-occurrences can or cannot be counted. Guidelines are given for determining which type of control chart to use based on the characteristics of the data and whether the subgroups are equal sizes. Standard deviation calculations and control limit determinations are also outlined.

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4 views36 pages

Understanding Control Charts in Statistics

This document discusses different types of control charts for analyzing continuous variable and attribute data. It provides examples of X-bar and R charts for variables data with more than one observation per subgroup, as well as P, NP, U and C charts for attribute data where occurrences and non-occurrences can or cannot be counted. Guidelines are given for determining which type of control chart to use based on the characteristics of the data and whether the subgroups are equal sizes. Standard deviation calculations and control limit determinations are also outlined.

Uploaded by

suresh2711991
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

More Control Charts

Module 6

Why?
There are many probability
distributions in our world

The Binomial Distribution,


The distribution of coin tosses.

Two types of data


Variables----Continuous
AttributesDiscrete, Countable
Two types of attributes data
You can count occurrences and non-occurrences.
You can only count occurences.

Examples?????

Some Variables Shewart Charts


X-mR aka i-Chart, Individuals Chart
X-bar-range
X-bar-sigma

Some Attributes Shewart Charts

p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart

Decide on
type of data
Continuo
us
(Variables
)
Data

Ye
s

Ye
s

More than one


observation per
subgroup?

< 10
observations
per
subgroup?

Discrete
(Attributes)
Data

No

No

No

Ye
s

XmR

Are there
equal area
of
opportunity
?

c-chart

Can both
occurrences &
nonoccurrences be
counted?
No

No

Ye
s

Are the
subgroup
sizes
equal?

u-chart p-chart

Ye
s

np-chart

Example Individuals Chart

Example X-Range Chart

Example X-Sigma Chart

How did they do that?

The basic pattern.


Plot observed measurements over time.
Measurements, counts, rates

Plot Centerline
Average measurement or count, pooled rate.

Plot Control Limits


Centerline +/- Multiplier X Standard Deviation

Multiplier does 3 Things


Determines the number of sigmas
usually 3

Converts standard deviations to standard


errors (variables data).
Can include factor to adjust for unusually
small or large number of subgroups or
time intervals.
Note: How multiplier is constructed and used varies by author.

Standard Deviation
Based on sample estimate of population
standard deviation.
Based on moving ranges.
Based on ranges.

The i-Chart or XmR Chart


Calculate average of all individual values = x
Calculate all the moving ranges (MRi)
MRi = |xi-xi-1|
Calculate the average MR = Rbar
Calculate control limits = xbar +/- 2.66Rbar
Plot xbar
Plot control limits
Plot individual values, points

The Xbar-Range Chart

The Xbar-Sigma Chart

The Xbar-Sigma Chart (Part II)

Is 3 always OK?

Notice 3 is multiplied by the SD.


This gives +/- 3 Sigma Control Limits.
Designed for 25 observations.
When you have only 7 observations
risk is too high

When you have 200 observations


risk is too high

Can use T-Sigma Limits

T-Sigma Limits
No. of Plotted Points

1.5

3-4

2.0

5-9

2.5

10-34

3.0

35-199

3.5

200-1500

4.0

How to use T-Sigma Limits


Substitute the T-Sigma limit from the table
for the 3 in A3, B3, and B4 above.
For attributes charts, simply substitute the
T-Sigma Limits for the multiplier in front of
the standard error.

The attributes Shewart Charts

p-Chart
np-Chart
u-Chart
c-Chart

Example p-Chart

Example np-Chart

Example u-Chart

Example c-Chart

How did they do that?

The p-Chart

The np-Chart

Pooled over
all subgroups

The c-Chart

The u-Chart

Choosing Charts
1. Continuous
A. Only 1 observation per subgroupuse iChart
B. More than 1 observation/subgroup
i) Less than 10 observations/subgroupuse Xbar-R
ii) 10 or more observations/subgroup--use Xbar-Sigma

2. Attributes
A. Occurrences (heads) and non-occurrences (tails) can
be counted.
i) Subgroups of equal sizeuse np-Chart
Ii) Subgroups of unequal sizeuse p-Chart

B. Only occurrences can be counted.


i) Equal area of opportunity (denominators)use c-Chart
ii) Unequal area of opportunity use u-Chart

See Flow Chart on


page 72 of Carey
and Lloyd

Decide on
type of data
Continu
ous
(Variabl
es)
Data

Discrete
(Attribute
s) Data

Ye More than one No


s
observation
per subgroup?
Ye
s

< 10
observatio
ns per
subgroup?

No

No

Ye
s

XmR

Are there
equal
area of
opportuni
ty?

c-chart

Can both
occurrences
& nonoccurrences
be counted?
No

No

Ye
s

Are the
subgrou
p sizes
equal?

u-chart p-chart

Ye
s

np-chart

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