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Understanding Statistics: Singular vs Plural

The document defines key statistical terms and concepts. It explains that statistics refers to both a set of figures as well as the tools used to analyze data. Specifically, it provides Spiegal's definition of statistics as the scientific method for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing data and drawing valid conclusions. It also outlines the nature of a statistical study including formulating objectives, collecting and organizing data, analyzing findings, and presenting results. Frequency distributions and different types of graphs and diagrams used to present statistical data are discussed.

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6 views20 pages

Understanding Statistics: Singular vs Plural

The document defines key statistical terms and concepts. It explains that statistics refers to both a set of figures as well as the tools used to analyze data. Specifically, it provides Spiegal's definition of statistics as the scientific method for collecting, organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing data and drawing valid conclusions. It also outlines the nature of a statistical study including formulating objectives, collecting and organizing data, analyzing findings, and presenting results. Frequency distributions and different types of graphs and diagrams used to present statistical data are discussed.

Uploaded by

kkv_phani_varma5396
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

STATISTICS-PLURAL

 Refers to set of figures.


 E.g.:
 production and sale of textiles
 TV sets etc.,
STATISTICS-SINGULAR
 It refers to the whole body of
analytical tools that are used to
collect the figures ,organize and
interpret them and,finally,to draw
conclusions from them.
SPIEGAL-DEFINES STATISTICS,
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD FOR
COLLECTING,ORGANIZING,SUMMARI
SING,PRESENTING AND ANALYSING
DATA AS WELL AS DRAWING VALID
CONCLUSIONS AND MAKING
REASONABLE DECISIONS ON THE
BASIS OF SUCH ANALYSIS.
THE NATURE OF A STATISTICAL
STUDY
 FORMULATION OF  ANALYSING THE DATA
DATA  REACHING
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STATISTICAL
STUDY FINDINGS
 DETERMINING  PRESENTATION OF
SOURCES OF DATA DATA
 DESIGNING DATA
COLLECTION FORMS
 CONDUCTING THE
FIELD SURVEY
 ORGANISING THE
DATA
ASSIGNMENTS
 WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO LEARN
STATISTICS?
 DEFINE [Link] ITS
IMPORTANCE TO BUSINESS
DECISION MAKING?
 WHAT ARE THE MAJOR LIMITATIONS
OF STATISTICS?EXPLAIN WITH
SUITABLE EXAMPLES.
Frequency distribution
 1. A college management wanted to give scholarships to
[Link]. students securing 60 percent and above marks in
the following manner
 The marks of 25 students who were eligible for scholarship
are given below:
 74,62,84,72,61,83,72,81,64,71,63,61,60,67,74,66,64,79,7
3,75,76,69,68,78 and 67
 Calculate the monthly scholarship paid to the students.
 Percentage of marks Monthly scholarship in
 Rs.60-65-250
 65-70-300
 70-75-350
 75-80-400
 80-85-450
Frequency distribution
 Inclusive method
 Exclusive method
 Deciding the appropriate number of
class groupings
 n = 1 +3.322 log N
 n –number of classes (rounded)
 N –the total no of observations.
Width of the class interval
 Width of the class interval =
 (Hv-Lv)/no. of class groupings.
 Suppose we have 200 observations
pertaining to income of workers
where the highest income is Rs.6,200
p.m. and lowest is Rs 1,400 p.m.
 C.I=6(groupings)
 Width of class interval=
 (6200-1,400)/6 =800
Assignment-2
 Importance of graphic and
diagrammatic presentation
 Limitations of graphs and diagrams
 Points to be remembered while
usinggrsphs and diagrams in
presenting data
 Selection of graph or diagram to be
used
Graphic devices
 2 categories of graphs
 The natural scale graph-time series
graph, frequency graph
 The ratio scale graph
Line graph

Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Sales 5 6 13 10 15 17
(in ‘000 Rs)
Frequency graphs
 Histogram
 Frequency curve
 Frequency polygon
 ogive
problem
Marks Number of
students
0-20 10

20-40 22

40-60 35

60-80 28

80-100 5
Cumulative frequency curve
or
ogive
Weekly earnings(Rs) No. of
employees
Below 550 5 5
550-600 10 15
600-650 22 37
650-700 30 67
700-750 16 83
750-800 12 95
800-850 15 110
One-dimensional diagrams
 Line diagram
 Simple bar diagrams
 Multiple bars
 Horizontal bars
 Sub-divided or component bar
diagram
Percentage subdivided bar
diagrams
Item of exp Family A Family B
Food 1000 1600
Clothing 500 800
Rent 800 1000
Education 400 800
Recreation 200 500
miscellaneous 100 300
2-dimensional diagrams
 Rectangular diagrams
 Pie-diagrams or circular
Angular sector diagram
items Expenditure as % of
total
Food 50 180
Clothing 15 54
housing 10 36
Fuel and lighting 5 18
education 10 36
Recreation 5 18
Miscellaneous 5 18
total 100 360
statistics
 Descriptive-diagrammatic,numerical
 inferential

Common questions

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Key elements of a statistical study include the formulation of data, setting objectives, determining data sources, designing data collection forms, conducting field surveys, organizing the data, analyzing it, and reaching statistical conclusions .

Statistics in the singular form is defined as the whole body of analytical tools used to collect, organize, and interpret data, ultimately drawing conclusions from it . It contributes to business decision-making by providing a scientific method for analyzing data, which aids in making informed and reasonable decisions .

The inclusive method for frequency distribution includes the upper class limit in the class interval, whereas the exclusive method does not. The choice between them depends on the nature of the data; the exclusive method is more commonly used for continuous variables to avoid ambiguity .

To calculate the monthly scholarship based on percentage brackets, classify the students' marks into the defined categories and multiply the number of students in each category by the corresponding scholarship amount: 60-65% (250), 65-70% (300), etc., aggregating them for total scholarship .

To determine the number of class groupings, use the formula n = 1 + 3.322 log N, where n is the rounded number of classes and N is the total number of observations. This formula helps in setting up an optimal number of classes for clear distribution .

A cumulative frequency curve, or ogive, shows the cumulative totals at the end of each class interval, allowing for the interpretation of trends such as median earnings and the percentage of employees below a certain earning level .

Major limitations of statistics include potential inaccuracies due to data misrepresentation and the context-dependent nature of statistical conclusions. For example, statistics can be misleading if graphical presentations are not scaled properly or if the sample size is not representative .

Pie-diagrams provide a visual representation of parts-to-whole relationships, making them useful for showing the relative size of categories. However, they can be misleading if there are too many categories or if differences in segments are subtle, leading to misinterpretation .

Crucial points include selecting appropriate types of graphs or diagrams based on data nature, ensuring clear scaling for accurate interpretation, and being mindful of potential biases in graphical representation .

Graphical and diagrammatic presentations of data make complex data more understandable and accessible, facilitating better communication and analytical insights . However, limitations include the potential for misinterpretation if not accurately designed and the necessity of understanding the audience's ability to interpret these visuals correctly .

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