Fluid, Electrolyte and
Acid-Base Dynamics
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
Concentration of
Solutions
• Percent Salt
– 0.9% NaCl
• Milliosmoles
– 300 milliosmoles/Liter
• Milliequivalents
– 325
milliequivalents/Liter
Osmosis
Osmosis
Hypertonic Solution
0.9%
NaCl
3% NaCl
Cells Crenate in a
Hypertonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
0.9%
NaCl
0.5% NaCl
Cells in a Hypotonic Solution
Swell and May Lyse
Isotonic Solution
0.9%
NaCl
0.9% NaCl
Which Way Will Fluid Move?
300 mosm
310 mosm
Application Problem 1
•Michael has recently started
working outdoors in the hot weather
to earn money for his tuition. After a
few days he experienced headaches,
low blood pressure and a rapid heart
rate. His blood sodium was down to
125 meq/L. The normal is 144
meq/L. How do you explain this?
Answer to Problem 1
• Michael lost sodium by perspiration.
The low sodium in his blood allowed
fluid to move into cells by osmosis.
Lack of fluid lowered his blood
pressure to give him a headache. The
increased heart rate was his bodies way
of trying to increase blood pressure.
Application Problem 2
•Frank has hypertension. His doctor
has advised Frank eat a low salt diet.
Frank consumed a lot of salt the day
before his last checkup. His blood
pressure was up. Why?
Answer to Problem 2
• The extra salt Frank ate made his blood
hypertonic. Hypertonic blood will attract
fluids from body cells by osmosis.
Electrolyte vrs.
Nonelectrolyte
NaCl Na + Cl
+ -
Glucose Glucose
Aldosterone
• Hormone secreted
from the adrenal
cortex
• Stimulates kidneys
– Retain sodium
• Retain water
– Secrete potassium
Estrogen
• Female hormone from the ovaries
– Similar to aldosterone
• Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
• Increases fluid retention
Cortisol
• Hormone from the adrenal cortex
• Converts lipids and protein to glucose
• Depress inflammation
• Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium
• Increases fluid retention
– Elevated levels cause edema
Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH
Collecting
Duct
ADH
H2O Hypertonic
Interstitial Fluid
Urine
Calcitonin
Calcium
Estrogen
Calcium
Parathormone
Calcium
Blood pH = 7.4
(7.35-7.45)
Blood pH regulated by
1. Kidneys
2. Lungs
3. Buffers in blood
H Secreted
+
HCO3 Rebsorbed
-
Blood H+
Kidney HCO3- Urine
Nephron
Kidneys Regulate pH
• Excreting excess hydrogen ions, retain
bicarbonate
– if pH is too low
• Retaining hydrogen ions, excrete
bicarbonate
– if pH is too high
Lungs Regulate pH
• Breath faster to get rid of excess carbon
dioxide if pH is too low
– Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the
blood
• Breath slower to retain carbon dioxide if pH
is too high
Carbon Dioxide and Acid
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic Acid
More Carbon Dioxide = More
Acid = Lower pH
• Breathing slower will retain CO2 , pH will
– decrease (more acid)
• Breathing faster will eliminate more CO2 pH
will
– increase (less acid)
Blood pH Drops to 7.3
How does the body compensate?
• Breath faster to get rid
of carbon dioxide
– eliminates acid
Blood pH Increases to 7.45
How does the body compensate?
• Breath slower to retain
more carbon dioxide
– retains more acid
John is Taking Narcotics for Pain
The narcotics have depressed his
breathing rate. What will happen
to his blood pH?
• pH will decrease
because he will retain
excess carbon dioxide
which will increase the
amount of acid in the
blood
Buffers Regulate pH
• Chemicals that resist changes in pH
• Prevent large pH changes when an acid or
base is added
Strong Acid
• Acid that releases many hydrogen ions
• HCl
Weak Acid
• Acid that releases only a few hydrogen ions
• Carbonic Acid
Buffers Change Strong Acids
to Weak Acids
HCl + NaOH H2CO3+ NaCl
Strong Base
Weak Acid Salt
Acid
Bicarbonate: Carbonic Acid
• 20:1 = pH 7.4
• 21:1 = pH more than 7.4
• 19:1 = pH less than 7.4
Acidosis
• pH below 7.35
• Depresses the nervous system
– coma
Alkalosis
• pH above 7.45
• Overexcites the nervous system
– convulsions
Respiratory Acidosis
• Any condition that impairs breathing
• Carbon dioxide increases in blood
• Excess carbon dioxide lowers pH
Respiratory Alkalosis
• Hyperventilation
• Carbon dioxide decreases in blood
• Low carbon dioxide raises pH
Metabolic Acidosis
• Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide
imbalance
• Excess acid in blood
– Renal disease, Diabetes or Starvation
• Deficiency of bicarbonate in blood
– Diarrhea
Metabolic Alkalosis
• Not caused by breathing or carbon dioxide
imbalance
• Deficiency of acid in the blood
– Vomiting, Diuretics
• Excess bicarbonate in the blood
– Ingesting sodium bicarbonate
Sodium
• Attracts water into the ECF
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contractions
Hypernatremia
• Excess sodium in the blood
• Hypertension
• Muscle twitching
• Mental confusion
• Coma
Hyponatremia
• Deficiency of sodium in the blood
• Hypotension
• tachycardia
• Muscle weakness
Potassium
• Attracts water into the ICF
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contractions
Hyperkalemia
• Excess potassium in the blood
• Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
• Elevated T wave
• Muscle weakness
Hypokalemia
• Deficiency of potassium in the blood
• Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
• Flatened T wave
• Muscle weakness
Calcium
• Most in bones and teeth
• Blood clotting
• Nerve impulse
• Muscle contraction
Hypercalcemia
• Excess calcium in the blood
• Kidney stones
• Bone pain
• Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypocalcemia
• Deficiency of calcium in the blood
• Tetany
• Weak heart muscle
• Increased clotting time
Aldosteronism
• Excess production of aldosterone
• Elevated sodium levels
• Depressed potassium levels
• Hypertension
Addison’s Disease
• Hyposecretion of the Adrenal Cortex
– Hyposecretion of Aldosterone
– Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids
• Hormones that convert protein sugar
• Hypotension
– Sodium deficiency
• Low blood sugar
– Not enough glucocorticoids
Cushing’s Syndrome
• Excess glucocorticoids
– Tumor of adrenal gland
– Side effect of steroid drugs
• cortisone
• Hyperglycemia
• Fat accumulation
– Abdomen
– Back of neck (buffalo hump)
Insulin
Cell
Glucose Blood
Diabetes Mellites
• Hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
• Hyperglycemia
• Glycosurea
• Polyurea
• Thirst
• Body burns more fat
– Ketone bodies
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Fat deposits in arteries
– Heart Attack, Stroke, Poor Circulation
Antidiuretic Hormone
Collecting ADH
Duct
ADH
H2O Hypertonic
Interstitial Fluid
Urine
Diabetes Insipidus
• Hyposecretion of ADH
• Increased urine volume
THE END