PRESENTATION SEMINAR

ON TELECOMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED TO:
Punjab Technical University

SUBMITTED BY:
Rajendra Kumar Mahto(1249553)

Aayan Infratel Private Limited (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified

Company) offers High end Telecom and Software project
management and execution services to most of the telecom operators
and vendor companies across the country. Aayan Infratel has
special branch Tech Vidya for providing services and training in the
Telecom & IT Solution. One of the leader in Technology Training and
placement (IT, Software, Telecom, Networking core Electronics etc.)
Technologies adopted by the company:GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE, Advanced LTE, Wi-Max, Wi-Fi, IP
Networking, Cloud Computing and many more.

Introduction Of Telecommunication
GSM - GLOBLE SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Telecom Basic

Communication
Voice and Data

Modulation
Analog and Digital

Signals
Analog and Digital

Multiplexing
FDMA,TDMA,CDMA

Transmission Media
Wire Media and Wireless Media

Network
PSTN, ISDN, PDN, Mobile Network

Switching Technique
Circuit Switch and Packet Switch

Speech Processing
Blah... Blah... Blah...

Blah Blah Blah...

Digitizing and
Source Coding

Source Decoding

Channel Coding

Channel Decoding

Interleaving

De-interleaving

Ciphering

Burst Formatting
Modulating

Deciphering

Burst De-formatting
Demodulating

Background To GSM

1G :
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) Analog,
Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
2G :
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)
Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
2G :
Global System for Mobile (GSM) Digital, Circuit
Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD
2G :
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)Digital, Circuit
Switched, FDMA, CDMA, SS, FDD

Background To GSM

2.5G : General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)Digital, Circuit

Switched, Packet switch, FDMA,TDMA, FDD
2.75G : Enhanced Data rate For GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Digital, Circuit Switched, Packet switch, FDMA ,TDMA, FDD

Multiple Access Methods

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Multiple Access Methods

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Switching Technique

Circuit-Switched

Packet-Switched

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GSM Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900 MHz
Uplink: 890 MHz to 915 MHz
Downlink: 935 MHz to 960 MHz
Absolute
Radio
Frequency
Channels (ARFCN) 125

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GSM Frequency Spectrum

GSM 1800 MHz
Uplink: 1710 MHz to 1785 MHz
Downlink: 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz
Absolute Radio Frequency Channels
(ARFCN) 375

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GSM Cell & Sector

GSM Cell & Sector

13

GSM Network Elements

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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card

At the time of service provisioning, GSM operator programs
the following in SIM

IMSI (International Mobile Station Identity)

Ki (Individual Subscriber authentication Key)

A3 (Authentication Algorithm)
A8 [Cipher Key (Kc) Algorithm)
A5 (Encryption Algorithm)

IMSI & Ki are specific to each MS

A3 & A8 can be different for different operators
A5 - Unique, used across GSM operators
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
Consists of one or more radio terminals for
transmission and reception
TRX and MS communicates over Um interface
Received data transcoding
Voice encryption/decryption
Signal processing functions of the radio interface
Uplink Radio channel power measurements

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Base Station Controller (BSC)

Provides all the control functions and physical

links between the MSC and BTS

External Interfaces
Abis interface towards the BTS
A interface towards the MSC

Monitors and controls several BTSs

Management of channels on the radio interface

Alarm Handling from the external interfaces

Performs inter-cell Handover

Switching from Abis link to the A link

Interface to OMC for BSS Management

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Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Performs call switching

Interface of the cellular

network to PSTN

Routes calls between

PLMN and PSTN

Queries HLR when calls

come from PSTN to
mobile user

Inter-BSC Handover

Paging

Billing
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Home Location Register (HLR)

Stores user data of all Subscribers

related to the GMSC
-International Mobile Subscriber
Identity(IMSI)
-Users telephone number (MS ISDN)
-Subscription information and services
-VLR address
-Reference to Authentication center for
key (Ki)

Referred when call comes from public

land network
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Database that contains Subscriber

parameters and location information for
all mobile subscribers currently located
in the geographical area controlled by
that VLR

Identity of Mobile Subscriber

Copy of subscriber data from HLR

Generates and allocates a Temporary

Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

Location Area Code

Provides necessary data when mobile

originates call

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Channels: Physical and Logical channels

Physical channels
The combination of an ARFCN and a time slot defines a physical
channel. One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to as
a physical channel. There are 8 physical channels per carrier in GSM,
channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7)
Logical channels
These are channels specified by GSM which are mapped on physical
channels. A great variety of information must be transmitted between
BTS and the MS, for e.g. user data and control signaling. Depending on
the kind of information transmitted we refer to different logical channels.
These logical channels are mapped on physical channel.

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Logical channels on Air Interface

LOGICAL
CHANNELS
COMMON
CHANNELS

COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS

BROADCAST
CHANNELS

FCCH

SCH

DEDICATED
CHANNELS

BCCH

PCH

DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS

SDCCH

RACH

AGCH

SACCH

TCH/F

TRAFFIC
CHANNELS

FACCH

TCH/H

TCH/EFR

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Frequency correction channel-FCCH
To make sure this is the BCCH carrier.
Allow the MS to synchronize to the frequency
Synchronization Channel-SCH
This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame
structure within the particular cell
Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number.

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Broadcast Control Channel - BCCH
The last information the MS must receive in order to
receive calls or make calls is some information concerning
the cell. This is BCCH.
This include the information of Max power allowed in the
cell.
List of channels in use in the cell.
BCCH carriers for the neighboring cells, Location Area
Identity etc.
This is transmitted Downlink point to multipoint.

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Random access channel-RACH

Used by Mobile Station for requesting for a channel. When the

mobile realizes it is paged it answers by requesting a signaling
channel (SDCCH) on RACH. RACH is also used by the MS if it
wants to originate a call.
Initially MS doesnt know the path delay (timing advance), hence
uses a short burst (with a large guard period = 68.25 bits).
MS sends normal burst only after getting the timing advance info on
the SACCH.
It is transmitted in Uplink point to point.

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Access Grant Channel-AGCH
On request for a signaling channel by MS the network assigns a
signaling channel (SDCCH) through AGCH. AGCH is transmitted on the
downlink point to point.
Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message including the MSs
identity (IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on Downlink, point-to-multipoint.

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Stand alone dedicated control channel-SDCCH
AGCH assigns SDCCH as signaling channel on request by MS. The
MS is informed about which frequency (ARFCN) & timeslot to use for
traffic.
Used for location update, subscriber authentication, ciphering
information, equipment validation and assignment of TCH.
This is used both sides, up and Downlink point-point.

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Slow associated control channel-SACCH
Transmission of radio link signal measurement, power control etc.
Average signal strengths(Rx Lev) and quality of service (Rx Qual) of
the serving base station and of the neighboring cells is sent on SACCH
(on uplink).
Mobile receives information like what TX power it has to transmit and
the timing advance. It is associated with TCH or SDCCH

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Fast associated control channel-FACCH
Used for Hand over commands and during call setup and release.
FACCH data is sent over TCH with stealing flag set
Traffic Channels Full Rate -TCH/FR
Traffic Channels are logical channels that transfer user speech or
data. On Full rate data rate is 13Kbps

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Logical Channels on Air interface

Traffic Channels Half Rate -TCH/HR
Traffic Channels are logical channels that transfer user speech or data.
On Half rate data rate is 6.5Kbps
Traffic Channels Enhanced Full Rate-TCH/EFR
The speech coding in EFR is still done at 13Kbits/s, but the coding
mechanism is different than that used for normal full rate traffic

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Handover
Handover is used to enable the Mobility in Mobile Network
Types of Handover
Soft Handover Make Before Break
Hard Handover- Break Before Make

In GSM only Hard Handover Occurs

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Handover in GSM
The decision to perform a handover is always made by the BSC that is
currently serving the subscriber, except for the handover for traffic reasons.
In the latter case the MSC makes the decision.
There are four different types of handover
Intra cell - Intra BSC handover
Inter cell - Intra BSC handover
Inter cell - Inter BSC handover
Inter MSC handover

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Intra cell - Intra BSC handover

The handovers is the intra cell handover where the subscriber is handed
over to another traffic channel (generally in another frequency) within the
same cell. In this case the BSC controlling the cell makes the decision to
perform handover

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Inter cell - Intra BSC handover

The subscriber moves from cell 1 to cell 2. In this case the handover
process is controlled by BSC. The traffic connection with cell 1 is
released when the connection with cell 2 is set up successfully.

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Inter cell - Inter BSC handover

The subscriber moves from cell 2 to cell 3, which is served by another
BSC. In this case the handover process is carried out by the MSC, but,
the decision to make the handover is still done by the first BSC. The
connection with the first BSC (and BTS) is released when the
connection with the new BSC (and BTS) is set up successfully.

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Inter MSC handover

The subscriber moves from a cell controlled by one MSC/VLR to a cell
in the domain of another MSC/VLR

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General Packet Radio Service-GPRS

General Packet Radio Service - 2.5G
GPRS is a packet switched oriented mobile data service

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General Packet Radio Service

In order to address these inefficiencies, cellular packet data technology
GPRS have been developed
Benefits of GPRS
GPRS improves the utilization of the radio resources
Offers volume-based billing
Higher data transfer rates
Shorter access times
Simplifies the access to packet data networks

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General Packet Radio Service

New Nodes In GPRS
Along with the GSM Network Architecture ,In GPRS few new nodes
are added they are: Packet Control Unit - PCU
Serving GPRS support node SGSN
Gateway GPRS support node - GGSN

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General Packet Radio Service

GPRS Network Architecture

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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-2.75G

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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE

An enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) is a digital
mobile phone technology, which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to
2G and 2.5G.

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Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution-EDGE

Technical Feature Of EDGE
In addition to GMSK (Gaussian minimum-shift keying) EDGE uses
8PSK (8 Phase Shift Keying)
Coding Technique-Modulation coding scheme(MCS)
EDGE-Data Rate
EDGE is capable of offering data rates of 384kbps and Theoretically ,
of up to 473.6kbps

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Introduction to UMTS
3G

UMTS Overview

- UMTS is the European vision of 3G mobile communication

systems. It represents an evolution in terms of services and
data speeds from today's 2G mobile networks.
- UMTS represents the move into 3G of mobile networks. It
addresses the growing demand of mobile and Internet
applications for new capacity in todays overcrowded mobile
communications. UMTS increases transmission speed up to 2
Mbps per mobile user and establishes a global roaming
standard. It allows many more applications to be introduced to
a worldwide base of users and provides a vital link between
current
multiple GSM systems and the ultimate single worldwide
standard systems for all mobile telecommunications.

UMTS Network Topology

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

[Link]
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Reference
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