Agenda
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IP principle
IP Protocols
Interconnecting Networks
Routing problems and MPLS solution
Miscellaneous: AAA, NAT, ATM
IP TRANSMISSION PRINCIPLES
Basic principles
Every Host => 1 IP adress
Every packet includes 1 sending adress + 1 destination
adress
IP transmission is connectionless (e.g. UDP) or
connection oriented
(e.g. TCP)
2G
IP transmission
is Best Effort (nevertheless QoS,
security and real time to be implemented)
Example of Host to Host communication
Internet
Host
IP SA
Network
Network
Host
Host
IP ROUTING
2G
Network
Network
Network
IP DA
Host
Host
IP = Internet Protocol
SA = Source Address
DA = Destination Address
TCP/IP 4 layers
stack
OSI 7 layers stack
TCP/IP Protocol layers
2G
MW Interfaces are 10/100BT or 1GBT
UDP and TCP Protocols
Packets are not reordered
is connectionless
Packets are reordered
is connection
oriented
(transmission is
sequenced, with
acknowledgeme
nt and error
check)
TCP/IP Transmission
IP PROTOCOLS
Main Internet Transmission Protocols 1/2
IP (Internet Protocol)
Connectionless (every packet contains SA/DA)
Routing based on IP address
Not guaranteed (Best effort)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Connectionless (no guarantee)
Error Check (optional)
Delivery to the application using the PORT NUMBER
2G
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Connection oriented
Sequenced delivery
E2E acknowledgement
Retransmit after time-out
Window mechanism (credit)
Error Check
Delivery to the application using the PORT NUMBER
Main Internet Transmission Protocols 2/2
PPP (Point to Point Protocol)
Protocol encapsulation (framing)
Error check
Multiple protocols (simultaneously)
Authentication (PAP/CHAP)
Dynamic IP address negotiation
2G
Interconnecting Networks
Interfacing Networks
2G
Networks
Interconnecti
ons
Interconnection Nodes types
Router
A Router acts at the Internet layer (L3)
Routing based upon IP address
Not aware of higher layers (TCP segments, applications)
Self learning based upon routing protocols
Traffic reduction
Bridge
A Bridge acts at the MAC layer (L2)
Forwarding or not based upon MAC address
2G
Not aware of higher layers (IP packets)
Self learning
Traffic reduction
Repeater
A repeater acts at the physical level (amplify and reshape)
Allows to increase the distance between nodes
Not aware of packets or frames
NO traffic reduction
End node
End node
L7
L7
L6
L6
L5
L5
L4
Router
L4
L3
L3 L3
L3
IP address
L2
L2 L2
L2
MAC address
L1
L1 L1
L1
Addressing: Physical = MAC@ (L2)
TCP/IP addressing:
1.
2 addresses are used: one at L2 level (MAC), one at L3 level (IP).
2.
MAC@ is sufficient to interconnect physical nodes. It allows to filter the data forwarded on a node port and
thus reduce traffic by carrying only the relevant data to a direction.
3.
Nodes have to be aware of neighbouring nodes. Tables are used for this purpose. They can be filled
manually or automatically
ARP (Address resolution Protocol):
1.
When a host wants to reach another he has to find the MAC@ of the destination host in its ARP cache
2.
If targeted address is not in ARP cache, then, station send a request (broadcast mode) on the
network:
Request Frame = [MAC broadcast][MAC SA1][ARP Request][DATA: IP SA1, MAC SA1,
IP DA2,.....]
3.
2G update their "ARP cache" with IP SA1, MAC SA1. Only one recognize IP DA2 and will answer
All stations
(unicast mode) Answer Frame = [MAC DA1][MAC SA2][ARP Request][DATA: IP SA2, MAC SA2, IP DA1, MAC
DA1]
4.
"ARP cache" of the requesting station only is updated with MAC SA2 (unicast frame for the answer)
1.
Station S1" send frame towards station S2" with SA1 and DA2 IP&MAC@.
2.
1st node met will analyze S1"MAC@ and store with ingress port N. Then it will
broadcast frame on egress ports towards other network nodes.
3.
Each of them will store S1" MAC@ with relevant ingress port, then will broadcast it
again forward.
Legend:
Finally the station S2" will be reached from one of the routes. The station S2" will
answer to S1" with a frame including SA2 and DA1 IP& MAC@.
SA: Source Address
Self learning (Mac address) process:
4.
5.
All switches met on the way back will learn on their relevant ingress port, the S2"
@: Address
DA: Destination
Address
Addressing: Logical = IP @ (L3)
Knowing the IP address, how do I get there?
Routing is based on the IP destination address
The ROUTING TABLE indicates the outgoing links for all possible
hosts/nets/subnets
The ROUTING PROCESS uses the routing table
The ROUTING PROTOCOLS create the routing table
2G
Also manual routing entries are possible
Routing Process
ROUTER
ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
Create
ROUTING TABLE
ROUTING
PROCESS
2G
IP Net 1
IP Subnet 2
IP Host
Default
=
=
=
=
ITF 1
ITF 2
ITF 3
ITF 3
IP
IP
EN/DECAP
EN/DECAP
EN/DECAP
ETHERNET
ETHERNET
ATM
IP
ETHERNET
ATM
IP
IP
IP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP is a routing protocol used within an Autonomous System
(Intra-domain)
RIP is based upon Distance Vector (DV)
Tell your neighbour about the world
No one knows the full topology
Runs on top of UDP (port 520)
RIP routers send regularly updates to each other
2G
Advantage
Simple
Disadvantages
Good news travels fast <> Bad news travels slow
Based upon broadcast messages
Plain text messages (security?)
Cost function limited to hop count
Routing protocols (distance vector)
A=1
To A via B = 2
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM: area under
single administrative control.
(Alcanet, Eunet, Uunet,)
A=2
D
A=1
To A via C = 3
To A via E = 2
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
OSPF is a routing protocol used within an Autonomous System
(Intra-domain)
Based upon Link State Algoritm (LSA)
Tell the world about your neighbour
Full topology known by everybody
Runs on top of IP
OSPF routers send regularly updates to each other
Advantage
2G
Bad news travels fast (fast convergence)
Based upon multicast messages
Password authenticated
Cost function dimentionless (hop, delay, distance,)
QoS ready
Disadvantages
More complex to implement
Link State algoritm (Hello messages)
2G
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
D
Topology
E
Link State algoritm (Link State
Advertisements)
30
30
10
20
2G
10
20
10
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM
10
10
20
10
20
Smallest Cost
E
Routers types and protocoles
Interior routers
are used within an AS (Autonomous System)
They run intra-domain routing protocols like RIP or OSPF
Usually they have a default gateway (Border router)
Border routers
are the interface between the backbone and the AS
They run intra- as well as inter-domain routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, BGP)
Backbone routers
run inter-domain routing protocols (BGP)
AS 2
AS 1
2G
AS 3
Routing problems and MPLS solution
Routing Problems
and Solution
Routing problems:
ATM overlay networks (drastic PVCs growth in large networks)
Backbone routing tables are increasing continuously
Level 3 prefix (interdomain routing) analysis request high processing capacity
The solution is MPLS:
Peer to peer model (MPLS) uses a single layer (=> flat network)
Replace routing tables by simple index searching
Perform this process at level 2
Allows traffic engineering
Allows to implement VPN without specific client application SW or ciphering
Simplify network management by avoiding multiple layers e.g.:
SDH(L1)/ATM(L2)/IP(L3)managements (main controls at L3 only).
MPLS does not replace classical routing but optimize it
MPLS Principle
LSP: Label Switched
el
Lab
Path
56
La
b
el
2
1
el
Lab
FEC (Forward Equivalence Class) and
Flow aggregation
FEC is a subset of packets that are all treated the same way
by a router
It is assigned once at the ingress port
It is defined for one or more, among numerous parameters (e.g.:
source or destination IP@ or port numbers, IP protocol ID,
differentiated services code point,)
MISCELLANEOUS: AAA, NAT, ATM
Miscellaneous: AAA
Service Management Centre
2G
Authentication
Who are you ? Username and password
Authorisation
What service ?
Are you allowed to the service now ?
Are there enough resources ?
Accounting
How much will you pay ?
NAT/PAT (Network/Port adress translation)
NAT Translation table
Destination
Source
Dest IP Dest port Client IP Client port New port
IPd
Pd
IPx
Px
P1
IPd
Pd
IPy
IPx
P2
IPx Port x
2G
WWW
IPd Port d
IPP
NAT
Communication using
private IP addresses
Single public
IP address
IPx Port y
Allows multiple hosts to go to the Internet with only one global unique IP address
Solves the shortage of IP addresses
Allows more hosts on the web at the same time (This is not the case for Dynamic
IP addresses)
Limited added security
Transparent
ATM 1/3 (virtual channels description)
(5 bytes
overhead)
(48 bytes
payload)
ATM 2/3 (virtual channels switching)
ATM 3/3 (class of traffic)