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Ions in Solids and Solutions Explained

1) Ions in ionic solids form regular repeating patterns, while ions in solution exist as hydrated ions surrounded by water molecules. 2) When an ionic solid dissolves in water, some bonds between ions in the solid are broken as the ions become solvated. This process can be endothermic or exothermic depending on the energy changes associated with breaking ionic bonds and forming hydrated ions. 3) The enthalpy of solution, ΔHsolution, is the sum of the energy change from breaking ion-ion bonds (-ΔHLE), and the energy changes from hydrating the cation (ΔHhyd(cat)) and anion (ΔHhyd(

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14 views23 pages

Ions in Solids and Solutions Explained

1) Ions in ionic solids form regular repeating patterns, while ions in solution exist as hydrated ions surrounded by water molecules. 2) When an ionic solid dissolves in water, some bonds between ions in the solid are broken as the ions become solvated. This process can be endothermic or exothermic depending on the energy changes associated with breaking ionic bonds and forming hydrated ions. 3) The enthalpy of solution, ΔHsolution, is the sum of the energy change from breaking ion-ion bonds (-ΔHLE), and the energy changes from hydrating the cation (ΔHhyd(cat)) and anion (ΔHhyd(

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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ions in solids and

solutions.
CI 4.5 and revision of 5.1
Ions in ionic solids.
Cl-

Na+

- + -
+ - +
- + -
Ions in solution. δ+
δ-

δ+ Hydrated ions δ-

- +

δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+
δ+

δ-
δ-

δ+ δ-

δ- Most δ+
electronegative
Polar
Oδ-
O δ- molecules

HHδ+ HHδ+
δ+
Dissolving.
δ-
δ- δ-
δ-

δ+
δ-
Some δ+
δ+ δ+
Some

δ-
bonds δ-
δ+
δ+
bonds δ+
δ- δ-
made broken δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+

δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-

δ+
δ-

δ-
δ- δ-

δ+ - + - δ+ δ-
δ+
δ-
δ-

+ - + δ+ δ+
δ-
δ+

- + - δ- δ-
δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+
Some Some
bonds bonds
broken made

- + -
+ - +

- + -
Some
bonds
made -

- +

+ - +
Some
- + - bonds
broken
Some
Dissolving. Some
bonds
bonds made
broken

Endothermic Exothermic
-
+ -
What is this?

- ΔHLE
+ + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
- +
What is this?

ΔHLE
- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
- + - ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
Exo or endo?

- + -
+ - + -ΔHLE
- + -
What is this?
- + -
+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
Exo or endo?
- + -
+ - +

- + -
ΔHhyd(an)
-
What is this?
- +

+ - + ΔHLE
- + - -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(cat)
ΔHhyd(an) ΔHsol
-
Exo or endo?
- +

+ - +

- + - ΔHhyd(cat)
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an) y
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔHhyd(cat) t
-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Endo
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH
hyd(cat) t
-ΔH LE
ΔH
hyd(an) h
Solution
a
Solute + solvent
ΔH
solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Won’t dissolve y
Endo
Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Exo or endo? y
Exo
Gaseous ions
e
n
-ΔHLE
ΔHhyd(cat) t
ΔHhyd(an) h
Solute + solvent
ΔHsolution a
Solution l
p
ΔHsolution =
Will dissolve y
Exo
Gaseous ions
e
n
ΔH t
hyd(cat)

-ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an)h
a
Solution
Solute + solvent l
ΔH
p
solution

May dissolve y
Slightly endo
Entropy!
Finally…. (Tables 5 and 7)
Ion Ionic Water
radius molecules
attached
+
Na+ 0.098nm 5
2,8,8

Mg2+ 15
2,8,8
0.078nm
2+
Al3+ 0.057nm 26
2,8,8

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