GLOBAL

SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
RF PLANNING &
MEASURING COVERAGE
AREA USING DRIVE TOOL

By
By
[Link]
[Link] SATTAR
SATTAR (06J01A0403)
(06J01A0403)
[Link]
[Link] (06J01A0415)
(06J01A0415)
FAHEEM
FAHEEM NASER
NASER (06J01A0431)
(06J01A0431)
AZHAR
AZHAR MOHAMMAD
MOHAMMAD (06J01A0433)
(06J01A0433)
 TELECOM NETWORK

USER ACCESS CORE

NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK
MOBILE SPEED
 2G GSM/CDMA =>(9.6 – 14.4)kbps
 2.5G
 GPRS – 115kbps
 EDGE - 384kbps
 CDMA – 170kbps
 3G
 EVDO
 EVDV UMTS
 HASDPA – 14Mbps
WIRELESS INTERFACE
CHALLENGES
 Low bandwidth
 Interference / Noise
 NLOS Environment
 Large Capacity Requirement
 Huge Demand
OBJECTIVES OF MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
 Anytime Anywhere
 Mobility & Roaming
 High capacity & subs. density
 Seamless Network Architecture
 Low cost
 Flexibility
 Innovative Services
 Standard Interfaces
 Efficient use of radio spectrum
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
 FDMA
 TDMA
 Cellular Technology &

Frequency Re-use Scheme

 Speech Coding
 Modulation
FDMA
 Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is
a channel access method used in multiple-
access protocols as a channelization protocol.
FDMA gives users an individual allocation of
one or several frequency bands, or channels
 Uplink Frequency Band = (890 – 915) MHz
 Downlink Frequency Band = (935 – 960) MHz
 Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number (ARFCN)
 Bandwidth = 915 – 890 or 960 – 935
= 25 MHz
 FDMA Access along Frequency axis

• FDMA Access along Frequency axis

• Each RF carrier 200khz apart

• Total 124 RF Channels available.

One or more carrier assigned to each base station

1 2 3 4 5 6 124

……...
Freq
890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 914.8
Mhz.
GSM
FDMA

890 915 935 960

25 MHz 25 MHz
0 1 2 0 1 2

Mobile to Base Base to Mobile

(MHz)
890.2 890.4 890.6 935.2 935.4 935.6
200 kHz
200 kHz
45MHz
Channel layout and frequency bands of operation
 TDMA
 Time Division Multiple Access Scheme
 One Radio Frequency = Eight Time Slots
 One TDMA Frame = Eight Time Slots
 One Time Slot = One Physical Channel
 One Time Slot Duration = 0.577 msec
 FDMA/TDMA SCHEME
TIME

BP2
BP1
BP8
BURST
BP7
F
BP6
BP5
R
BP4 A
BP3 M
BP2 E
BP1 FREQ
890.2 890.6 891.0
890.0 890.4 890.8 891.2 915.8MHz
 PHYSICAL CHANNELS

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME OF 8 TIME SLOTS

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FRAME REPETITION

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7
6 PHYSICAL CHANNELS 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 74 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1
 CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY

 Cell

 Site
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

WHAT IS A CELL ?

 A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels

is called a cell
 Each cell covers a limited number of mobile subscribers
within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)
 Typical Cell Radius Approx. = 30 Km (Start up), 1 Km
(Mature)
 Each Cell uses a specific set of radio frequencies
 Each Base Station contains one or more TRXs
TYPES OF CELLS

 OMNI CELLS
 SECTOR CELLS

- Two Sector Cells

- Three Sector Cells
Frequency Re-use Scheme
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CELL COVERAGE No. Of No. of

RADIUS AREA(KM2) MOBILE CHANNELS
(KM) SUBS. REQD.

1 3.14 100 8

3 28.3 900 38

10 314 10,000 @ 360

25 1960 60,000 @ 2,000

ASSUMPTIONS Traffic /User = 30 mE , GOS = 1%

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

• 360 * 25 KHz * 2 = 18 000 KHz = 18 MHz

FOR A CELL OF 10 KM RADIUS ONLY

• THIS IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE ALLOCATED

• HENCE FREQUENCY REUSE IS A MUST TO

COVER THE TOTAL SERVICE AREA WITH
A LIMITED AVAILABLE RF RESOURCES
• HENCE THE NEED FOR A CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

GIVEN FREQ.
2 RESOURCE
7 3

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 4
5

A CLUSTER OF CELLS
 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

CO-CHL INTERFERENCE :Interference caused by

another cell/mobile using the same frequency

Co Chl Interference is
a Function of “Q”
the re-use ratio:
D
Q =D / R
R

Higher Q Reduced Co-Chl Interference 

Lower Q Increased Co-Chl Interference 
 Co– Channel Interference

Q = D /R = 3N

N =Cluster Size
R = Size (Radius of Cell)
D = Distance between two Co- Channel Cells
Co– Channel Interference

Higher Q Less Interference  

Higher N
More Cluster Size
Less RF freq/cell
Less Traffic Handling 
Capacity of the system
LOWER Q Higher Interference 
Increased System
Handling Capacity 
MODULATION
 GMSK = GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING
 The modulation method in GSM is GMSK which
facilitates the use of narrow bandwidth and
coherent detection capability.

 Rectangular pulses are passed through a

Gaussian filter prior to their passing through
a modulator.
GSM
VARIOUS SUBSYSTEMS
1. Network Subsystem includes the equipments and
functions related to end-to-end call.

2. Radio Subsystem includes the equipments and

functions related to the management of the
connections on the radio path.

3. Operations and Maintenance subsystem includes

the operation and maintenance of GSM equipment
for the radio and network interface.
GSMNETWORK STRUCTURE
 GSM Service Area: Total area served by the
combination of all member countries where a
mobile can be served.
 PLMN Service Area:It is one N/W area.
 MSC Service Area:There can many MSC/VLR in
one PLMN [Link] is one Mobile Exch. Area.
 GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed
through GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all mobile
terminated calls will be routed to a Gateway
MSC. Call connections between PLMNs , or to
fixed N/Ws must be routed to a [Link] GMSC
contains the Inter working functions to make
these connections.
 Location Area
 Cells
LOCATION AREA:There are several LA in a MSC/VLR
combination A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area
in which a MS may move freely without updating
location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that
control the LA. Within a LA a paging message is
broadcast in order to find the called mobile subs. LA can
be identified by system using the LAI.
CELL.A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS
distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION
IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.
GSM
RELATION BETWEEN AREAS IN GSM

Cell
Location Area
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area
 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
1 MSC=16 BSC
1 BSC=1024 TRU
OSS
HLR
(
B
PSTN
T
S ISDN

B
T
S BSC
BSC MSC VLR
Data
Networks
A Interface
B A-bis interface
T
S

Air interface MSC VLR

BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASE TRANSRECEIVER STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT [Link]
 CALL
CONNECTIVITY
ESTABLISHMENT

How the call is connected between End to

End Equipment. Irrelevant of end equipment,
it may be land phone or Mobile station
CALL & MOBILITY
MANAGEMENT
 Call And Mobility Management
• RF channel overview & Modes of Mobile Station.

• MS Initialization ( Network Attachment )

• Mobility Management and MM Procedures

• Authentication & Location Updating Procedure

• Connection Management (CM)

• Call Processing – MO & MT Calls

 Modes Mobile Station ( MS )
• MS Switched Off - can not receive incoming paging messages.
- can not make outgoing call.
- No dedicated channel is associated with it.

• MS Switched On - can receive incoming paging messages.

And in Idle Mode - can make outgoing call.

- No dedicated channel is associated with
it.
• MS in Dedicated Mode -MS is in conversation and a
dedicated traffic channel TCH
is
associated with it.
 RF Channels Overview
• Broadcast Control Channels - BCCH
P-MP FCCH
SCH
• Common Control Channels PCH
P-P RACH
AGCH

• Dedicated Control Channels - SDCCH

P-P FACCH
SACCH
3 CC SMS SS 142 3 8.25
T CM Fixed Bits T GP

FCCH Burst

3 CC SMS57 SS 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
T S Encrypted T GP
CM
Encrypted Training S

Normal Burst
 Possible Channel Combinations On RT in One Cell

Timeslots

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

RT 0 BCCH SDCCH CCCH TCH CCCH TCH CCCH TCH

RT 1 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

RT 2 SDCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

CC
RT 3
SMS
TCH
SSTCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
CM
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 . . . 49 50

FS F S I
Down-link C C BCCH CCCH C C BCCH D
CH C H L
H H E

RR R
Up-link A A . . . A
CC C
CCH HSMS SS H
CM

Channel Combination IV :main BCCH ( GSM 05.01)

Technical Terms Used w.r.t. MM (Mobility Management )
• IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber Identity
• IMSISDN – Mobile Subscriber ISDN number
• IMEI – International Mobile Equipment Identity
• TMSI – Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

• MSRN – Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number

• LAI – Location Area Identity
• A3 – Authentication Algorithm
• A5 – Ciphering Algorithm
• A8 – Kc Generation Algorithm
 Location Related Identities

1. MSRN – Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number

It is a temporary number used for routing the call to MS.

Format : MSRN = CC + NDC + SN

CC = Country Code

NDC = Network Destination Code

SN = Subscriber Number

For example for Patna MSC in IMPCS network MSRN looks

like 91 95330 24365.
 Location Related Identities

MSRN

MSISDN MSISDN
PSTN GMSC 2
1
HLR
MSRN 6
MSRN
IMSI MSRN
7 3 5

VLR
MSC

IMSI 4 MSRN
 Location Related Identities

2. Location Area Identity (LAI ) -

• Each location area in a GSM PLMN is identified by a Location

Area Identity ( LAI ).
• Location area consist of one or more than one cell which may
be served by one or more BSC s.
• All the cells in a Location area are served by single VLR.
BTS MSC 1
BSC
LA 1
BTS
BSC
BTS
VLR 1
LA 2
BTS SS 7
BSC HLR

MSC 2
BTS

LA 3
BTS

BSC
VLR 2

Location Area
 Location Related Identities
3 digits 2 digits 2 octets max

( 16 bits )
MCC MNC LAC

LAI
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC - Mobile Country Code.
MNC - Mobile Network Code.
LAC - Location Area Code .

• Maximum length of LAC is 16 bits.

• Thus there can be maximum of 65,536 Location Areas defined

in one GSM PLMN.
 MS Initialization / Network Attachment

1. MS Powered on.
2. Frequency Synchronization

- MS scans entire 124 carriers and monitors RF levels.

- several readings are taken to get accurate estimate
the channel power.
- MS then searches for Frequency Correction burst (FCCH) on
the channel with strongest RF level.

- FCCH present in time slot T0 & has a fixed pattern of 142 0’s.

- After tuning to FCCH MS synchronizes in time with SCH .

 MS Initialization / Network Attachment
3. Synchronization in Time
- SCH occurs in next frame in same time slot as FCCH.

- The occurrence of SCH is eight burst period ( BP’s ) later than

FCCH.

- SCH contains precise timing information and current frame

number to which MS is synchronized.

- After successful synchronization the MS will read the TDMA

frame number and Base Station Identity Code BSIC .

- BSIC consists of - PLMN colour code ( 3 bits )

- BS colour code ( 3 bits ).
 MS Initialization / Network Attachment
• MS location is determined by cell identification of strongest
BCCH signal received by MS.

• MS regularly measures the received signal strength of BCCH at

least once every 6 sec ( Superframe Duration).
• MS stores at least six strongest BCCH and their cell
identification in SIM.

• MS decodes information on BCCH and gets Location Area

Identity ( LAI ).

• If the information stored on SIM does not match with the

information MS thinks that it has moved to new location and
sends LA update request to BSS.
 Network Attachment Process

MS Switch -on

Measure strongest
BCCH channels

PLMN Selection

Limited Service Mode

. Cell should be of selected PLMN.
Cell Selection
. Cell should not be “ barred “.
. Radio path loss between BTS and
the MS must be below a threshold set
by the operator. Location Update
( Register its presence
to the network. )

Idle-Mode
 MS BTS BSC MSC
DTAP
RIL3 - CM CM
M
RIL3 - MM DTAP
MM
A I
P
S
RIL 3-
RIL3 - RR RR BSSMAP BSSMAP TCAP U
RR BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP P
SCCP

LAPD m LAPD m LAPD LAPD MTP MTP

Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1 Layer 1

Um A bis A link BCDEFG

GSM Signaling Protocols Overview
 What is Mobility Management ( MM ) ?

Subscriber Data management at MSC/VLR

• Subscriber data from HLR are retrieved by MM at the time of
first location up-dating of a subscriber.
• Dynamic data changes by subscriber are also managed by MM
at MSC/VLR.
• Operator initiated data changes for a subscriber are also
managed by MM.

Services Provided to Upper Layers

• MM sub-layer provides basic services to upper layer CM sub-
layer.
• MM handover procedures provide smooth transition from one
radio link to other.
 What is Mobility Management ( MM ) ?

Subscriber Authentication and

Confidentiality management
• MM procedures ensure authenticity of a subscriber.
• MM procedures ensure data confidentiality at radio interface.
 MM Procedures
MM Common Procedures :
• TMSI Reallocation Procedure.
• Authentication Procedure.
• Identification Procedure.
• IMSI Detach Procedure.
• Ciphering Procedure.
• Abort Procedure.
MM Specific Procedures :
• Location Updating Procedure.
• IMSI Attach Procedure.
 MM Procedures

• A MM specific procedure can only be started if no

other MM specific procedure is running.
• During the lifetime of a MM specific procedure if a MM
connection establishment is requested by a CM entity,
the request will either be rejected or delayed until the
running of MM specific procedure is terminated.
• Any MM common procedure Procedure ( except
IMSI detach) may be initiated during MM specific
procedure.
• The MS side should wait for release of RR connection
used for a MM specific procedure before a new MM
specific procedure or MM connection establishment is
started.
 Authentication

• Authentication is used to check the validity of a

mobile subscriber.

At MS At N/W

Ki Ki
RAND( 128 bits )

A3 A3

SRES SRES
=? ( 32 bits )

AUTHENTICATION
 • Ki ( 128 bits) : Identification Key
- Purpose : Ki is used to calculate SRES and Kc.
- Ki is stored in SIM and HLR.
- Ki is never transmitted over signaling network.

• RAND ( 128 bits ):Random Number

- Purpose : RAND is used to calculate SRES and Kc.

• Kc ( 64 bits ) : Ciphering Key

- Purpose : Kc is used to encrypt data over radio interface.

• SRES ( 32 bits) :Signed Response

 Ciphering

• Ciphering is used to encrypt data on radio interface.

RAND Ki
Kc generation is done at the
time of Authentication.
A8
Frame
No. (22
bits ) Kc ( 64 bits)

A5

Ciphering Stream
Ciphered Bits
XOR
Information Bits ( 114 bits )

CIPHERING
 Authentication Procedure
• Authentication procedure is always initiated and
controlled by the n/w.
The purpose of authentication procedure is two fold :
1. To check identity provided by the MS.
2. To supply n/w parameters to MS to calculate Kc.

Authentication Request
TIME

Authentication Response

Authentication Reject

MS AUTHENTICATION PROCEDURE N/W

 Authentication Procedure
Authentication Triplets :
- At n/w side, authentication procedure requires authentication
triplets.
- Authentication triplets contains
-RAND ( 128 bits ).
- SRES ( 32 bits ).
- Kc ( 64 bits ).
- The network can have more than one triplets.
- The operator can allow reuse of triplets.
- The index of currently used triplet is called CKSN
( Ciphering Key Sequence Number ).
 Location Updating Procedure

This is a general procedure which is used for

following purposes -
• Normal Location Updating -
MS moves to new LA.
• Periodic Location Updating -
To notify periodic availability of MS to the network.
• IMSI Attach -
MS switched on for first time in new LA or MS switched
off and on.
 Location Update Scenario
Each time MS moves to new LA corresponding VLR
is informed.
Case - I Old LA and new LA in same VLR area
• MS given new TMSI .
• Location updated in VLR memory.

Case - II Old LA and new LA in different VLR area

• HLR updates.
• old VLR erases data.
• new VLR records relevant parameters.
• MS is given new TMSI.
 Location Update Scenario

Phases of Location Update Scenario

• Request for service.
• Authentication
• Ciphering
• HLR/ VLR updation
• TMSI reallocation.
 LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - I
Request For Service
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR /
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR

Channel Request
1
RACH
SDCCH Assignment
2
AGCH
Location Update Request ( TMSI , LAI 0 )
3
SDCCH
Request IMSI

( TMSI )
4
Send IMSI
 LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - II
Authentication and Ciphering
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR
5 Get Authentication Parameters

( IMSI )
Authentication Parameters
Authenticate MS ( RAND ) ( RAND,Kc,SRES )

6 SDCCH
Authentication Response ( SRES )
SDCCH
Cipher Radio Channel
7
( Kc )
Cipher Up Link Channel
SDCCH
 LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - III
Authentication and Ciphering
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR

Up Link Ciphered
8
SDCCH
BSS Ciphers Down link Channel .

9 Ciphering Complete
 LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - IV
Update HLR/VLR & TMSI Reallocation
New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR

Update Location
10
De Register Mobile

11 Mobile De-registered

12
Location Updated

Location Updated Accept TMSI

13
SDCCH
 LOCATION UPDATE SCENARIO - V
Update HLR/VLR & TMSI Reallocation

New Old
MS BSS MSC/ HLR/
MSC/
VLR AUC
VLR

Location Updated Complete

14
SDCCH

15 Clear Signaling Connection

Clear Complete

16
Release Radio
Signaling Channel
SDCCH
 LOCATION UPDATION
• Listens
ND Mobile moves to CA and Powers on MS
BCCH/FCCH
Update
Location HLR
GMSC
TAX Location Update
MSC ND
CA ( TMSI, LAI )
CA LU Accept MS
LU Accept
VLR
Update ( New TMSI) 9810098111
New VLR records
CA Location VPLMN
subscriber data.
LU Accept HLR HPLMN
ND
LU Accept ( Update Location/
GMSC
TAX MSC/VLR Authentication )
ND LU Accept
ND Update
Location (Subs data)
ACK from
VLR De register old
Mobile to MSC/VLR
Old VLR
 Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

Phases of Mobile To Land Call

( Mobile Originated Call- MO Call )

• SETUP PHASE

• RINGING PHASE

• CONVERSATION PHASE

• RELEASE PHASE
 Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

• SETUP PHASE
- REQUEST FOR SERVICE ( CHANNEL ) BY MS

- CM SERVICE REQUEST

- AUTHENTICATION

- CIPHERING

- EQUIPMENT VALIDATION ( EIR CHECK )

- SETUP MESSAGE

- VALIDATION AT VLR

- ASSIGNMENT
 MOBILE TO LAND CALL - I
Request For Service

MSC/
MS BSS VLR

Channel Request
1
RACH

2 SDCCH Assignment

AGCH
CM Service Request
3
SDCCH

CM Service Accept
4
 Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

• CM SERVICE REQUEST

- The Call Control (CC) entity of MS initiates the establishment of

CC connection by requesting MM sub-layer of the mobile to
establish MM sub-layer connection.

- Upon establishment of MM connection CM SERVICE ACCEPT

message is received from n/w.

• SETUP MESSAGE

- CC entity sends a setup message to its peer entity.

 MOBILE TO LAND CALL - II
Call Setup
MSC/
MS BSS VLR

Call Setup Request

5
SDCCH
Call Proceeding
6
SDCCH
Assign Trunk and radio

Assign TCH
7
SDCCH

Radio Assignment Complete

SDCCH
Trunk and Radio Assignment Complete
 Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario
Call Setup message

MSC/VLR

Release Complete
message to MS No Is the requested basic service
provisioned for the subscriber ?

Yes
Release Complete
message to MS Yes Preliminary Digit Analysis
Is the number of digits less than the
minimum expected?

No 1. Check of ODB( BAOC/BOIC/ BOIC Ex HC )

2. Subscriber call barring checks ( BAOC/BOIC e

ASSIGNM ENT
 Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

• ASSIGNMENT

- A BSSMAP message ‘Assignment Command ’ is sent by MSC to

BSS.

- The message contains a free CIC on A-Interface for terrestrial

channel allocated by MSC.

- A free TCH is allocated by the BSS and MS is informed to attach

to this TCH.

- On receiving a response from BSS MSC switches the speech

path towards the calling MS.

Note : Mobile has not connected user

connection as yet.
 MOBILE TO LAND CALL - III
Call Setup
MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR

Network Setup ( Dialed Digits )

8
Network Alerting

Alerting
9
FACCH Connect

Start Billing
10 Connect

FACCH
Connect Acknowledge
11
FACCH
 MOBILE TO LAND CALL - IV
Call Release

MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR

Disconnect
12
Network Release

Release
13
FACCH
Release Complete
14
FACCH
Clear Command
15 Channel Release

FACCH Release Complete

 Land To Mobile Call Set-up Scenario

Phases of Land To Mobile Call

( Mobile Terminating - MT Call )

• Routing Analysis

• Paging

• Authentication

• Ciphering

• Call-Setup

• Call Release
 Architecture For Mobile Terminated Call

VISITING PLMN

A- Interface
MSC-B
IAM ( ISUP )
GMSC- B BSS-B

Air Interface
AC

VLR-B
SRI

K
(M
(

N)
MSI

SRN

R
SD N

MS
PR
)

K(
)

MS
AC

HLR-B
 LAND TO MOBILE CALL - I
Routing Analysis

MSC/VLR HLR GMSC PSTN

1 Incoming Call

2 Get Route ( MSISDN )

Get Route ( MSISDN )
3
( IMSI )

4 Routing Information
( MSRN )
Routing Information

( MSRN )
Incoming Call
5

( MSRN )
 LAND TO MOBILE CALL - II

Paging

MS BSS MSC

Perform Page

Page (TMSI)
6 PCH
Channel Request
7
( RACH )

8 Access Granted
( AGCH )

Paging Response
9 ( TMSI, LAI )
SDCCH Page Response
 LAND TO MOBILE CALL - III
Call Set-up
MS BSS MSC

Call Set Up
10
SDCCH

Call Set Up Confirm

11
SDCCH

Assign Trunk &

Radio Channel
Assign Radio Channel
12
SDCCH

Radio Channel Assigned

SDCCH Trunk and Radio Channel
Assignment Complete
 LAND TO MOBILE CALL - IV
Call Setup

MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR

Mobile Alerting
13
FACCH Network Alerting

Connect ( off-hook )
14
FACCH
Start Billing Connect

Connect Acknowledge
15
 LAND TO MOBILE CALL - V
Call Release
MSC/ GMSC
MS BSS HLR PSTN
VLR

Network Release

Disconnect
16 Stop Billing
FACCH
Release
17
Release Complete
FACCH

Release Complete
18
FACCH
Clear Command
19 Clear Channel

FACCH Clear Complete

1. ND PSTN Subscriber Dials ND Mobile Subscriber in ND.

Page(TMSI)
ND
HLR MS

GMSC SRI 9810098100

ND TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
ND
ND
MSISDN
PRN to
MSISDN ACK from
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
MSISDN TANDEM
LE
ND
ND
(MSRN)
2. ND PSTN Subscriber Dials CA Mobile Subscriber in CA.
TANDEM
HLR
MSISDN MSISDN
GMSC
TAX MSC/VLR
LE ND
ND
ND MSISDN

CA
HLR

MSISDN SRI
GMSC
TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
CA
CA
CA Page(TMSI) PRN to ACK from
MS MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
CA
9881098300 (MSRN)
3. ND PSTN Subscriber Dials ND Mobile Subscriber in CA.
HLR
GMSC ND
TAX
MSC/VLR
MSRN MS
CA
CA 9810098200
CA
Page(TMSI)
MSRN
HLR

MSRN SRI
GMSC
ND TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
ND
ND
MSISDN PRN to ACK from
MSISDN
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
MSISDN TANDEM CA
LE
(MSRN)
CA
4. CA PSTN Subscriber Dials ND Mobile Subscriber in CA.
TANDEM
HLR
MSISDN MSISDN
GMSC
TAX MSC/VLR
LE CA 9810098400
MSRN
CA ND
CA Page(TMSI)
MSISDN MS

ND MSRN
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MSRN GMSC SRI

TAX
MSC/VLR MSRN
ND
ND MSISDN
PRN to ACK from
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR
CA
CA (MSRN)
OPTIMIZATION
Introduction

What is Optimization ?

- Activity of achieving and maintaining the required

quality as designed

Why Optimization ?

- Deviations between plan and reality

Objective OF RF OPTIMIZATION

Optimum utilization of GSM Net work elements

for providing Good Coverage and Better Speech
Quality for satisfaction of Subscriber and
achieving the “TRAI” bench marks of QoS
 TRAI Bench Marks for QOS
1. Call Setup Success Rate > 98%
2. Handover Success Rate > 98%
3. Co Channel Interference > 98%
4. [Link](0-5) > 95%
5. Drop Call Rate < 3%
6. TCH Blocking Rate < 2%
7. SDCCH Blocking Rate < 1%
RFOptimization identifies common problems, such as:

[Link] neighbors
[Link] adjustments
[Link] of inter system handovers, Power
control
[Link]
[Link] gap, overlap coverage, etc.
Pre Requirements for Drive Test :

A. VISIT BTS SITE & COLLECT THE FOLLOWING INFO :

1. Height of Antenna
2. Antenna Azimuth – Orientation
3. Antenna tilt
4. Checking of RF connectors
5. Verification of serving area by existing Antenna orientations
6. TX Power of TRX
B. DATA FROM OMC-R :
[Link] Base – Change of cell parameters
[Link] Wise Performance Reports
a). SDCCH congn. b). TCH congn. C). Call Volume
d). Drop Call Rate e). Handover Success Rate
f). U/L & D/L quality & Interference.
DRIVE TESTING TOOL
Scanning Receiver Setup - HP 7475A Receiver Example
HP 7475A
Receiver
 DRIVE TEST :
Tool may be setup for two mobiles –
One for Continuous call and another for short calls(2min)
Conduct the Drive Test –
covering all sectors by observing the following
parameters.
1. Rx Level
2. Rx Quality
3. Interference
4. Handovers & Drop Calls
5. Observe whether the nearest sector is
serving or not.
Route Map With Rx Qual :
Route Map With Rx Level :
 Drive Test Results

Name of The SSA : Hyderabad No. of BTS in SSA : No. of BTS s covered in the month :

Details of Parameter Routes/Towns

Shivam -
[Link]- Sanath Uppal-
Sl. VDNR- TPBVN- TPBVN-
Katedan- CTO- Nagar- TPBVN- AMBRPT-
CHRMNR- STPM- MSRBD- Abids-Koti-
No Attapur-
[Link]
Tarnaka-
[Link]
Balkam pet-
Ramnagar- Namply-
AfglGunj- [Link]-
[Link] - Uppal BGMPT- CHRMNR Cachiguda-
Rly. Stn.- VDNR [Link]
TPBVN CTO TPBVN
CTO
1 RX LEV. Total no. Of Samples 11309 3537 7776 9586 6715 7731 7886 4961 9553
>=-75dBm 11187 3534 7677 9572 6609 7495 7786 4573 9434
%Samples >=-75dBm 99 99.91 99 100 98 97 99 92 99
2 RX. Qual. Total [Link] Samples 11313 3536 7776 9586 6715 7731 7886 4961 9553
0 to 5 10929 3198 7366 9290 5989 7046 6837 4669 8786
0-5(>=95%) 97% 90% 95% 97% 89% 91% 87% 94% 92%
3 Hand Over H/O Attempts 74 12 39 35 37 34 20 39 39
Dropped 42 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0
H/O Success rate 56% 100% 100.00% 100% 98% 98% 100% 95% 100%
4 Aggregate C/I Total 1755 547 1096 1630 794 982 889 464 1432
C/I>9 1737 513 1035 1605 773 952 847 451 1383
%Samples with C/I>9 99% 94% 94% 98% 97% 97% 95% 97% 97%
5 Call Analysis Total calls 25 10 17.00 20 14 13 17 12 22
Good 24 8 16 20 14 13 16 11 19
Success Rate 96% 80% 94% 100% 100% 100% 94% 92% 86%
Blocked Calls 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Dropped 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2
Call Drop rate 4% 20% 6% 0% 7% 0% 6% 8% 9%
9 - 20Seconds
Service
6 (average of 100 calls 7.2 7.3 7.12 7.2 7% 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.9
Access Delay
<=15 Sec.)

In addition the above formate Route map also submit with Rx level and Rx qual, & survey markers Like H/o ,Call drop ,H/o f
MECHANICAL DOWNTILTING OF ANTENNA
MECHANICAL DOWNTILTING OF ANTENNA
Analysis of Drive Test Results :
Observation Cause Solution
Physical check of Orientations &
1. Antenna Orientations & Tilt
Coverage Tilt.
Poor
2. High VSWR Value Check RF connectors & RF cables
(Low RX
Level) Check the DRX power &
3. TX Power
connectors
Check the BCCH & MAIO
frequencies
1. Intereference
Reduction of Antenna height,
Orientation & Tilt
Check the DRX power &
2. Low Rx level
connectors
Poor RX
Quality Check the neighbour list &
3. H/O failure definitions
Check the neghbour parameters
Check DRX & Check VSWR & RF
4. Assignment Failure Ratio
cable connectivity
5. Hard Ware Problem DRX problem
Analysis of Drive Test Results :
Observation Cause Solution
1. Not defining proper
Defining the proper neighbours.
neighbours
Handover
Failure 2. Improper Neighbour
Check the neghbour parameters
Parameter values
3. Due to TCH congn. Augmentation of DRIs
1. Not defining proper
Defining the proper neighbours.
neighbours
2. Low Rx level Check the DRX power & connectors
Check the BCCH & MAIO frequencies
3. Intereference Reduction of Antenna height,
Orientation & Tilt
Call Drop
Check the neighbour list &
4. H/O failure definitions
Check the neghbour parameters
Check DRX & Check VSWR & RF
5. Assignment Failure Ratio
cable connectivity
6. Hard Ware Problem DRX problem
THANKS !
?