REFERENCE AND
INFERENCE
GROUP 3
Tria Nur Hidayah
Marselina Mistin
Anisah Nur Hasanah
DEFINITION OF REFERENCE
In linguistic forms, reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer,
uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify
something. Those linguistic forms are :
Proper nouns (E.g : Andrea Hirata, Ariana Grande, Bali)
Noun phrase
Define (e.g : the author, the singer, the island)
Indefine (e.g : a man, a woman, a place)
Pronoun (E.g : he, she, it)
DEFINITION OF INFERENCE
What is inference ?
Inference : any additional information use by the listener
to connect what is said to what must be meant (Yule,
2006:116).
REFERENTIAL AND ATTRIBUTIVE
USES
Referential use is a specific person is reffered to ,
althought his or her name or some other description is not
used.
Attributive uses is the meaning whoever or whatever fits
the description.
For example :
Theres a man waiting for you.
He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
NAMES AND REFERENTS
The version of reference being presented here is one in
which there is a basic intention-to-identify and a
recognition-of-intention collaboration at work. This
process not only work between one speaker and one
listener; it appears to work, in terms of convention,
between all members of a community who share a
common language and culture.
E.g: a. Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
b. Yeah, its over there on the table.
cont
e.g : Brazil wins world cup (The referent is to be
understood as football team, not as a goverment. The
nature of reference interpretation just described is also
what allows readers to make sense of this utterance using
names or countries).
The role of co-text
Our ability to identify intended referents has actually
depended on more than our understanding of the referring
expression
E.g: a. Cheese sandwich is made with white bread (food)
b. The cheese sandwich left without paying (person)
Anaforic
Reference
In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor
and the initial expression is the antecedent.
E.g: in the film, a man and the woman were trying to wash a cat.
The man was holding the cat while the woman poured water
on it. He said something to her and they started laughing.
In English, initial reference, or introductory mention, is often indefinite
(a man, a woman, a cat). In the definite noun phrases (the man, the
cat, the woman) and the pronouns (it, he, her, they) are examples
of subsequent reference to already introduced referents, generally
known as anaphoric reference, or anaphora.
Cataphora
The pronoun refers is used first and is difficult to interpret
until the noun phrase is presented in the next line.
E.g: I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There
was a
large snake in the middle of the path.
Zero Anaphora
The use of zero anaphora as a means of maintaining
reference clearly creates an expectation that the listener
will be able to infer who or what the speaker intends to
identify.
E.g: Cook for three minutes.
Thank you
