SIGNALs in Telecom
CAS, CCS7
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Objectives
In this chapter, the trainee will learn :
Introduction
Types of Signalling
Digital Signalling
CAS and CCS7 comparisions
Features of CCS&
CCS7 applications
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Introduction
A signalling system uses a language which
enables two switching equipments to
converse for the purpose of setting up
calls.
Telephony started with the invention of
magneto telephone which used a
magneto to generate the ringing current
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Types of Signalling
Subscriber Line signalling
Inter-exchange Signaling
Subscriber Line signalling
Calling Subscriber Line Signaling
Called subscriber line signals
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Inter-exchange signaling
Inter-exchange signaling can be transmitted
over each individual inter exchange trunk. The
signals may be transmitted using the same
frequency band as for speech signals (inband
signaling), or using the frequencies outside this
band (out-of-band signaling). The signaling may
be
i. Pulsed
ii. Continuous
iii. Compelled
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Signal Frequency and Index and
Weight code
There is a provision for having 15
combinations using two out of six
frequencies in forward and backward
groups
Fwd grp
1380
1500
1620
1740
1860
1980
Bkwd grp
1140
1020
900
780
660
540
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Signal Frequency and Index and
Weight code
In India, the higher frequency in the
forward group i.e., 1980 Hz, and the
lower frequency in the backward group,
i.e., 540 hz, are not used. Thus, there
are 10 possible combinations in both the
directions
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Digital Signalling
Inter exchange signalling can be transmitted
over a channel directly associated with the
speech
channel,
channel-associated
signalling (CAS) , or over a dedicated link
common to a number of channels, common
channel signalling (CCS). The information
transmitted for setting up and release of
calls is same in both the cases
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Digital Signalling
CCS
CAS
Speech and Signal going along
same path
Speech and Singnal
different paths
Dedicated Signal chl TS16 is
used
Same signal chl can carry signals of
many speech channels
Signalling chl will be effectively
utilized, hence efficient signalling
system
Signal chl is not used during
speech, hence not effective
utilization of signalling chl
Not message based
going
in
Message based signalling system
with variable lenths
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Channel- Associated signalling
Though the speech sampling rate is 8 Khz, the signals
do not change as rapidly as speech and hence, a lower
sampling rate of 500 Hz, for digitization of signals can
suffice.
Based on this concept, TS 16 of each frame of 125
microseconds is used to carry signals of 2 speech
channels, each using 4 bits.
TS 16 of F1 contains signal for speech channels 1 and
16 being carried in TS 1 and TS 17, respectively, TS16
of F2 contains signals of speech channels 2 and 17 being
carried in TS2 and TS 18, respectively and so on,
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Channel Associated signalling
Frame Structure
TS
01
Sync
TS
02
TS
03
TS 04
TS
15
TS
16
TS
17
Speech
Signalling
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TS
18
TS
19
TS
30
TS
31
Speech
11
Signalling Chl.
Although four bits per channel are available for
signalling only two bits are used. As the transmission is
separate in the forward and backward direction, the
bits in the forward link are called af and bf, and those
in the backward link are called ab and bb. Values for
these bits are assigned
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Introduction
Control information has to be transferred
between the exchanges for call control and for
the use of facilities.
In digital, processor-controlled communication
network, the amount and variety of the
information to be transferred is accordingly
larger. The information can no longer be
economically transported by the conventional
channel-associated signaling systems. For this
reason, a new, efficient signaling system is
required
in
digital,
processor-controlled
communication networks.
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Main Features of CCS#7
Internationally standardized (national variations
possible).
Suitable for the national, international and
intercontinental network level.
Suitable for various communication services such as
telephony, text services, data services digital
network (ISDN).
high performance and flexibility along with a
future-oriented concept which well meet new
requirements.
high reliability for message transfer.
processor-friendly structure of messages.
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Features contd
use of the signalling links for transferring user
data also. used on various transmission media
cable (copper, optical fiber)
radio relay
satellite (up to 2 satellite links)
use of the transfer rate of 64 k bit/s typical in
digital networks.
used also for lower bit rates and for analog
signaling links if necessary.
automatic supervision and control of the
signaling network.
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CCS7 Applications
ISDN
IN
GSM roaming
CDMA
Recent MNP applications
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Signalling via a Common Channel Signalling link
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Thank You
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