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Overview of Shell Structures in Architecture

This document discusses different types of shell structures. It defines a shell as a thin, curved structural element. Shells can be made of reinforced concrete and function as both structure and covering. The document describes various forms of shell structures including folded plates, barrel vaults, domes of revolution, and intersection shells. It provides examples and discusses advantages like strength without internal supports, and disadvantages like potential sealing and condensation issues. The document also categorizes shells based on curvature, such as surfaces of revolution and translation.

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Anoop Sharma
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1K views10 pages

Overview of Shell Structures in Architecture

This document discusses different types of shell structures. It defines a shell as a thin, curved structural element. Shells can be made of reinforced concrete and function as both structure and covering. The document describes various forms of shell structures including folded plates, barrel vaults, domes of revolution, and intersection shells. It provides examples and discusses advantages like strength without internal supports, and disadvantages like potential sealing and condensation issues. The document also categorizes shells based on curvature, such as surfaces of revolution and translation.

Uploaded by

Anoop Sharma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

THEORY OF STRUCTURES

SHELL STRUCTURES

SHELL STRUCTURES
Ashellis a type ofstructural elementwhich
is characterized by its geometry, being a
three-dimensional solid whose thickness is
very small when compared with other
dimensions.
It possesses strength and rigidity due to its
thin, natural and curved form such as shell of
egg ,nut, human skull or of a tortoise.
Made usually of reinforced concrete , it
functions both as a structure and covering.

TYPES AND FORMS OF SHELL


STRUCTURE
Folded Plates
Barrel Vaults
Short Shells

Domes of Revolution
Folded Plate Domes
Intersection Shells

Warped Surfaces
Combinations
Shell Arches

FOLDED PLATES

Folded plates are the simplest of the shell structures.

The distinguishing feature of the folded plate is the ease


in forming plane surfaces.

The elements of a folded plate structure are similar to those


of a barrel shell except that all elements are planar, and the
moments in the slab elements are affected by the differential
movement of the joints.
A folded plate may be formed for about the same cost as a
horizontal slab and has much less steel and concrete for the
same spans

BARREL SHELLS

The elements of a barrel shell are:


(1) The cylinder,
(2) The frame or ties at the ends, including the columns, and
(3) The side elements, which may be a cylindrical element, a folded plate element,
columns, or all combined.
For the shell shown in the sketch, the end frame is solid and the side element is a
vertical beam.
A barrel shell carries load longitudinally as a beam and transversally as an arch. The
arch, however, is supported by internal shears, and so may be calculated.
The elements of a folded plate structure are similar to those of a barrel shell except
that all elements are planar, and the moments in the slab elements are affected by
the differential movement of the joints.
For the structure shown, the end supports and the side supports are both complete
walls
The elements of a short shell are the barrel, which is relatively short compared to
radius, the element at the base of the cylinder to pick up the arch loads, and the
arches or rigid frame to pick up the entire ensemble. In this case it is a rigid frame
arch. The size of the arch could have been reduced by horizontal ties at the
springings. There may be multiple spans.
The short shell carries loads in two ways:
(1) As an arch carrying load to the lower elements. and
(2) As as a curved beam to the arches.
The thickness of the shell can be quite thin due to these properties.

DOMES
Domes are membrane structures, the internal stresses are
tension and compression and are statically determinate if
the proper edge conditions are fulfilled. In a dome of
uniform thickness, under its own weight, the ring stresses
are compression until the angle to the vertical is about 57
degrees. If the dome is less than a full hemisphere, a ring
is required at the base of the dome to contain the forces.

TRANSLATION SHELLS

A translation shell is a dome set on four arches. The shape


is different from a spherical dome and is generated by a
vertical circle moving on another circle. All vertical slices
have the same radius. It is easier to form than a spherical
dome.
The stresses in a translation shell are much like a dome at
the top, but at the level of the arches, tension forces are
offset by compression in the arch. However there are high
tension forces in the corner.

ELL STRUCTURES EXAMPLES-

Istanbul 2020: Culture and Sports Park

China national centre for performing arts

The Allianz Arena is a football stadium in the


north of Munich, Germany

Kresge auditorium MIT.

ADVANTAGES
1. naturally strong structures,
2. allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving
an open, unobstructed interior.
3. The use of concrete as a building material reduces both materials cost and
construction costs, as concrete is relatively inexpensive and easily cast into
compound curves.
4. The resulting structure may be immensely strong and safe; modernmonolithic
domehouses, for example, have resistedhurricanes and fires, and are widely
considered to be strong enough to withstand even F5tornadoes.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Since concrete is a porous material, concrete domes often have issues with
sealing. If not treated, rainwater can seep through the roof and leak into the
interior of the building.
2. On the other hand, the seamless construction of concrete domes prevents air
from escaping, and can lead to buildup of condensation on the inside of the
shell. Shingling or sealants are common solutions to the problem of exterior
moisture, anddehumidifiersor ventilation can address condensation.

SHELLS
SINGLY CURVED

SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION
[Link] CYLINDER
[Link]

DOUBLY CURVED

SURFACES OF
TRANSLATION

SYNCLASTIC

[Link] OR CYLINDER
[Link]

ANTYNCLASTIC

SURFACES OF SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION TRANSLATION
HYPERBOLOIDS
OF REVOLUTION
OF ONE SHEET

SURFACES OF
REVOLUTION

SURFACES OF
TRANSLATION

[Link]
PARABOLOIDS
[Link]
[Link]
OF REVOLUTION
OF ONE SHEET

[Link] DOMES
[Link] PARABOLOIDS
[Link] OF [Link] OF REVOLUTION
[Link] OF
REVOLUTION

SINGLE CURVATURE SHELLS


They are curved on one linear axis and are part of a
cylinder or cone in the form of barrel vaults and
conoid shells.

DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELLS


They are either part of a sphere, or a hyperboloid of
revolution.
These terms do not provide a precise geometric
distinction between the form of shell because a
barrel vault is single curvature but so is a dome.
They are used to distinguish the comparative
rigidity of the two forms and complexity of
centring necessary to construct the shell form.

DOME

CONOID

BARREL VAULT

HYPERBOLOID PARABOLOID

FORMS OF CURVATURE
SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
Surfaces of revolution are generated by the
revolution of a plane curve called meridional
curve,about an axis called the axis of revolution.
In the special case of cylinderical and conical
surfaces,the meridional curve consists of a line
segment.
Eg:Cylinder,cones,spherical or elleptical
domes,hyperboloids of revolution,toroids

SURFACES OF TRANSLATION
Surfaces of translation are generated by sliding a
plane curve along another plane curve,while
keeping the orientation of the sliding curve
constant.
ELLEPTICAL PARABOLOID
The latter curve on which the original curve
slides is called generator of surface.
In the special case in which the generator is a
straight line,the resulting surface is called
cylinderical surface.

CYLINDERICAL
PARABOLOID

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

Common questions

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Forms such as domes (double curvature) and barrel vaults (single curvature) are generated by their respective curvatures. These are utilized architecturally to span large areas without internal supports, create iconic shapes and optimize material usage in structures like stadiums, auditoriums, and other large public buildings .

The primary advantages of concrete in shell structures include its cost-effectiveness, ease of casting into complex shapes, and resultant strength and safety. Disadvantages involve issues with sealing due to concrete's porosity, potential condensation buildup, and associated maintenance requirements for moisture control .

A dome structure requires a ring at its base to manage load when it is less than a full hemisphere. This is necessary because the ring helps contain forces and prevents the base from spreading due to internal stresses, which mainly include tension and compression .

A translation shell is a dome on four arches, generated by a circle moving along another circle. While its top behaves like a dome, displaying similar compressive stresses, at the level of arches, tension is offset by compression in the arch, with high tension forces concentrated at the corners .

Barrel shells manage load distribution by carrying loads longitudinally as a beam and transversely as an arch. The arch is supported by internal shears, allowing the structure to handle both types of stress. Folded plate structures, in contrast, rely on differential movement at the joints and are composed of entirely planar elements .

Short shells carry loads in two ways: as an arch transferring load to lower elements and as a curved beam to supporting arches. In contrast, conventional barrel shells primarily use their longitudinal beam-like qualities and transverse arch-supporting elements. The compactness of short shells allows them to manage loads with potentially reduced structural sizes .

Shell structures offer strength and rigidity due to their thin, curved form, allowing them to span wide areas without internal supports. This is because the geometric design distributes loads effectively, utilizing the natural strength of curved surfaces to resist bending and compressive forces .

Surfaces of revolution are generated by rotating a planar curve about an axis, forming shapes like cylinders and domes. Surfaces of translation involve sliding a plane curve along another, maintaining its orientation, creating forms like cylindrical and hyperbolic paraboloids. This fundamental difference in generation results in distinct structural properties .

Single curvature shells, like barrel vaults and conoids, have curvature along one axis, often simplifying construction and reducing centring complexity. Double curvature shells, such as domes and hyperboloids, require more complex centring but offer greater rigidity due to their compound curvature, better distributing structural loads .

Folded plate structures are economical because they require less steel and concrete for the same spans compared to horizontal slabs. They are composed entirely of planar elements, simplifying construction and reducing costs while maintaining structural efficiency .

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