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ID. 01 Router (Computing)

The document discusses routers, including their components, configuration, and password recovery process. Routers have internal components like CPU and RAM and external components like ports. The document outlines the startup sequence and different modes of a router.

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8 views38 pages

ID. 01 Router (Computing)

The document discusses routers, including their components, configuration, and password recovery process. Routers have internal components like CPU and RAM and external components like ports. The document outlines the startup sequence and different modes of a router.

Uploaded by

RawaiTechnology
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Akre Technical College

Dept. of Information Technology


2nd stage

Router (computing)
Mr. Saleem & Mr. Rzgar

Subject: Internet Technology (Pr)


Date: 11/11/2015
ID. 01
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Router has operating system IOS


Internetworking Operating System and it's extension is
(.bin)

Router types :
1- Fixed port : cannot add Interface
2- Modular : can add interface
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Router internal components: CPU, RAM, FLASH,


.ROM, BUSES, NVRAM, INTERFACES, POWER SUPPLY

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Router external components :


Two Fast Ethernet ports ( connecting to switch and router)
Console port ( connecting to router for configuration , router connector
is RJ-45 and PC connector is DB-9).
Auxiliary port ( connect to FAX modem, router connector is RJ-45 and PC
connector is DB-25
power switch , power connection .
to connect to router from Console port you must have a program
( Hyper terminal ( XP) , SecureCRT ,TeraTerm )

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: Router internal configuration


RAM: random access memory: temp config
file, ARP cashe, Packet buffering
NVRAM: non volatile RAM: storing backup
copy of config file
Flash: Saving os image (command based)
IOS comprised
ROM: read only memory: Power-On SelfTest (POST), bootstrap program

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: Router startup sequence


Step1 = checking the hardware ---- POST --bootstrap program that check the
functionality of hardware (ROM)
Step2 = Find the ios --- flash, TFTP, ROM
. Step3 = Load it
Step4 = Find the configuration file NVRAM,
TFTP
. Step5 = Load it
Step6 = setup mode ------ creating the config
file
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Router Modes
setup mode- 1
User execute mode- 2
<Router
Privilege execute mode- 3
# Router
Router>enable // login privilege mode
Global configuration mode- 4
Router(config #)
Router#configuration terminal or config t
Interface configuration- 5
#Router(config-if)
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
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.Router configuration must be saved into NVRAM


Router configuration is on running config file and to
save it into NVRAM you must copy it to startup-config
file
Copy run start Or Copy running config startupconfig
Some Router show command
Show version
show flash
show interface
Show startup-config or show start
Show history
show ip interface brief
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Change Router Name and setup Router user mode


password
Router>ena
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname IT Router
ITRouter(config)#enable password 123
------1
ITRouter(config)#^Z
ITRouter#copy run start
To remove ena password
ITRouter(config)#no enable password
#copy run start T Router
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#enable secret 1234
---------------- 2
ITRouter(config)#copy run start
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Setup Router console password


#IT Router
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#line console 0
ITRouter(config-line)#password 333
ITRouter(config-line)#login
ITRouter(config-line)#^Z
ITRouter#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
#IT Router
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Setup Banner
ITRouter#config t
#ITRouter(config)#banner MOTD #IT Router
ITRouter(config)#^Z
IT Router#
ITRouter#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
#IT Router
Sets the local time on the Router
ITRouter#clock set 20:05:00 11 december
2014
ITRouter#copy run start
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Setup Router Interface IP Address


ITRouter(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
ITRouter(config-if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
ITRouter(config-if)#no shut
ITRouter(config-if)#no shutdown
#ITRouter(config-if)
LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up%

ITRouter(config-if)#^Z
#IT Router
ITRouter#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
#IT Router
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Assigning a Local Host Name to an IP


Address
ITRouter#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per
.line. End with CNTL/Z
ITRouter(config)#ip host Akre [Link]
ITRouter(config)#^Z
#ITRouter
ITRouter#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
...Building configuration
[OK]
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Setup telnet password


ITRouter#config t
?ITRouter(config)#line vty 0
Last Line number< 1-15>
<cr>
ITRouter(config)#line vty 0 4
ITRouter(config-line)#password 12345
ITRouter(config-line)#login
ITRouter(config-line)#^Z
#IT Router
SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console %
ITRouter#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
...Building configuration
[OK]
ITRouter#RT1#
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Encryption all Router password


ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#service passwordencryption
ITRouter(config)#^Z
ITRouter#copy run start
#ITRouter
Router(config)#do show running-config
Executes the privileged-level show
running-config
command while in global configuration
.mode
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Recovering router passwords


The Cisco IOS provides a mechanism to recover
passwords, in case you lost them or you do not
.remember them
You need to have physical access to the router to
.connect to its console port
The key point of the password recovery process is to
boot up the Cisco router ignoring its current startup
configuration, which contains the current passwords.
To boot up the Cisco router ignoring its current
startup configuration you need to change the value in
the configuration register. You can set bit 6 in the
configuration register to instruct the bootstrap
program
to avoid reading the startup configuration from
NVRAM.
By doing this,
you boot up the router
as if it
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had no startup configuration as if the router were

Password recovery process


:Follow these steps to recover passwords on a Cisco router

.Change the configuration register to 0x2142 . 1


.Reboot the router. 2
.Upon reboot, exit from setup mode. 3
The router ignores the startup configuration in NVRAM, so it automatically
starts in setup mode. You need to exit setup mode because your
router is already set up. You just want to reset the passwords in the current
.startup configuration, not to reset the whole configuration

.Enable privileged EXEC mode. 4


Load the startup configuration manually from NVRAM to . 5
.RAM
.Enable global configuration mode. 6
.Change the passwords. 7
Save the running configuration over the startup configuration in . 8
.NVRAM
Change the configuration register back to the default value of . 9
.0x2102

.Reboot the router. 10

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The normal router configuration#


register value is 0x2102 and its size is 2
.bytes (16 bits )
The router configuration register value
that let router to ignore its startupconfiguration file is 0x2142
to change router configuration register#
value to 0x2142 you must boot router
from Rommon
by ( ctrl + Break )
Config register calculator application#
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Rommon 1> ?
Show commands that are using in
Rommon
rommon 2 > confreg 0x2142
rommon 3 > reset
no
Router>ena
Router#copy start run
? Destination filename [running-config]
#ITRouter
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#no ena
ITRouter(config)#no enable pass
ITRouter(config)#no enable password // to remove enable
password

#ITRouter(config)

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Router(config)#no ena
Router(config)#no enable secret

//to remove enable secret

password

Router(config)#exit
#Router
Router#config t
ITRouter(config)#line console 0
ITRouter(config-line)#no pass
ITRouter(config-line)#no password //to remove console
password

ITRouter(config-line)#exit
ITRouter(config)#line vty 0 4
ITRouter(config-line)#no pass
ITRouter(config-line)#no password /to remove telnet password
ITRouter(config-line)#exit
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ITRouter(config)#config-register 0x2102
ITRouter(config)#do copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
ITRouter(config)# exit
Router#reload
There is not any passwords and Enjoy
------------------

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Creating DHCP on Router interface


Router(config)#ip dhcp pool net1
Router(dhcp-config)#network [Link]
[Link]
Router(dhcp-config)#def
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router
[Link]
Router(dhcp-config)#dns
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server [Link]
Router(dhcp-config)#^Z
Router#Router# copy run start
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Define DNS server to Router


Router#config t
Router(config)#ip name
Router(config)#ip name-server [Link]
Router(config)#^Z
Router#copy run start
[OK]
Router#ping pc1
Akre(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address [Link]
[Link]
to exlude ip address or dhcp should not asign this range//
to client
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Router interface obtain ip from dhcp server


Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1
or Router(config)# int fa 0/1
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#ip
Router(config-if)#ip add
Router(config-if)#ip address dhcp
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#copy run start
? Destination filename [startup-config]
...Building configuration
[OK]
#Router
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Router IOS or Start file backup and restore


Copy flash tftp // to copy a file from flash to tftp
server
Like ios file, this to backup ios to tftp server
Copy tftp flash // to restore a file from tftp server
Copy start tftp // to copy or backup start file to tftp server
Copy tftp start // to restore start file from tftp server
Akre#delete flash // to delete a file from flash
Delete filename []?[Link]

IOS file name


Akre#erase start // to remove satrt file
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?Router(config-if)#clock rate
Are you meaning in LAB environment?, if so,
you can do it, but if you are meaning on a real
connection then you should set the exact
.clock rate supplied by your ISP

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A network route is a data transmission path


through one or more networks between two
.end nodes
More than one route can exist between two
end nodes. The main purpose of a router is to
find the best route to reach a destination
.node
:network routes types
Static routes
Default routes
Dynamic routes
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Static routes
You define static routes manually on a router.
Static routes are best suited for small
networks, such as LANs, where routes rarely
change. If routes change, you need to update
your routes to reflect the new data
.transmission paths
:Configuring static routes
Router(config)# ip route network-address subnetmask {ip-address | exit-interface }

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Dissecting static route syntax


ip route - Static route command
Network address Destination network
address
Subnet mask - Subnet mask of destination
network
IP address - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP
address on R2, which is the "next-hop" to
this network

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General Role of the Router

Connections of a Router for WAN


-A router has a DB-60 port that can support
5 different cabling standards

Connections of a Router for Ethernet


-2

types of connectors can be used:


Straight through and Cross-over
Straight through used to connect:
-Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-toServer, Hub-to-PC, Hub-to-Server

Cross-over used to connect:


-Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub,
Hub-to-Hub, Router-to-Router

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Examining Router Interfaces


-Show IP router command used to view
routing table
-Show Interfaces command used to show
status of an interface
-Show IP Interface brief command used to
show a portion of the interface information
-Show running-config command used to
show configuration file in RAM

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Interfaces

Configuring an Ethernet interface


By default all serial and Ethernet interfacesare down
To enable an interface use the No Shutdown-

command

Configuring a Serial interface


Enter interface configuration modeEnter in the ip address and subnet maskEnter in the no shutdown command-

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. Physically connecting a WAN InterfaceA WAN Physical Layer connection has:sides


Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE)
This is the service provider. CSU/DSU is a DCE
device.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Typically the
router is the DTE device.

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Configuring serial links in a lab


environment
One side of a serial connection must be
considered a DCE
This requires placing a clocking signal
use the clock rate command.
Example:
-R1(config)#interface serial 0/0
-R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000

Serial Interfaces require a clock signal to


control the timing of the communications.
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Common questions

Powered by AI

The Cisco router password recovery process involves the following steps: 1) Change the configuration register to 0x2142 to bypass startup configuration ; 2) Reboot the router and exit setup mode ; 3) Enter privileged EXEC mode and load the startup configuration from NVRAM to RAM ; 4) Enable global configuration mode to reset passwords; 5) Save the configuration and reset the configuration register to 0x2102; 6) Reboot the router . This process is significant as it ensures access to the router when passwords are forgotten, maintaining network security management and preventing unauthorized access .

Fixed port routers have a set number of interfaces that cannot be expanded, making them less flexible for network scalability as they cannot accommodate increasing connections without replacing the entire router . On the other hand, modular routers allow for additional interfaces through modules, providing scalability and flexibility to grow and adapt to a network's evolving needs .

The 'show running-config' command aids in managing a router by displaying the current configuration settings stored in RAM. It provides detailed information about interface addresses, passwords, routing protocols, and security settings, allowing network administrators to verify and troubleshoot configurations . By showing real-time configurations, it helps in ensuring that the router is operating with the intended settings and assists in diagnosing any issues related to misconfigurations or unauthorized changes .

The router startup sequence involves several critical steps: 1) checking hardware through POST and the bootstrap program to ensure hardware functionality (ROM); 2) finding and loading the IOS from flash, TFTP, or ROM, which is essential for router operations ; 3) locating the configuration file from NVRAM or TFTP to define operational settings; 4) loading the configuration file for operational readiness; 5) entering setup mode to create or verify the configuration file . Each step is crucial for initializing the router, ensuring it functions correctly, and setting up necessary configurations for network operations.

Routers manage security through password encryption by utilizing the 'service password-encryption' command in global configuration mode, which encrypts plain text passwords in the configuration files . This process prevents unauthorized individuals from reading passwords in the router's configuration, enhancing security. Password encryption is essential as it safeguards sensitive access credentials from potential network attacks, ensuring that only authorized users can modify router settings or access privileged modes .

RAM in a router temporarily holds the running configuration file, ARP cache, and buffered packets, playing a crucial role in the router's real-time operations . NVRAM stores a backup copy of the configuration file, ensuring it remains available even after reboots . FLASH memory saves the IOS image, which is fundamental for the router's operating system functions . Together, these components enable the router to efficiently manage resources, process data, and maintain operational stability across reboots, serving as critical elements for overall functionality .

Configuring a DHCP server on a router involves defining a DHCP pool using the command 'ip dhcp pool' followed by specifying the network and default-router IP address. A DNS server can also be assigned for client configuration . This setup automatically distributes IP addresses to devices as they join the network, eliminating manual entry, reducing errors, and simplifying network management . DHCP configuration streamlines IP address management across networks, facilitating scalability and adaptability in dynamic environments .

To configure an IP address on a router's interface, enter the interface configuration mode with the command 'interface fastethernet 0/0.' Then assign the desired IP address and subnet mask with 'ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0' followed by the 'no shutdown' command to activate the interface . Configuring the IP address is vital as it uniquely identifies the router's interface on the network, enabling efficient routing and communication between network devices .

A router's primary role is to find the best route to reach a destination node in a network, ensuring efficient data transmission between end nodes . There are three types of routes a router can use: static routes, default routes, and dynamic routes. Static routes are manually defined and are more suitable for small networks where routes seldom change. Default routes are used when no other known route exists, acting as a catch-all. Dynamic routes are learned and updated automatically using routing protocols, allowing for adaptability in larger networks .

Saving router configurations from running to startup-config is critical to ensure that the configuration persists across reboots. This is done using the 'copy run start' command, which copies the current running configuration in RAM to the startup configuration in NVRAM . By doing so, all configuration changes are preserved, allowing the router to automatically apply them upon reboot, ensuring consistent operation in line with network requirements .

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