The
Skele
tal
Syste
BY:
BY:
m
VINCENT T.
BAUZA
Support
the body
Protect soft organs
Allow movement due to
attached skeletal muscles
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
Functions of Bones
Bones (skeleton)
- hard tissue made mostly of cells, calcium, and collagen (a protein
that forms strong fibers and is a mineral that adds strength)
Joints
- Where bones meet
Cartilages
- strong, elastic tissue that reduces friction and increases
flexibility
Ligaments
- ligaments connect bone to bone
Tendons
- connect muscle to bone
Major Parts Of
Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
(Base On Shape)
Have a shaft with
heads at both ends
Contain mostly
compact bone
Example:
Femur
Humerus
Long Bones
Generally cubeshape
Contain mostly
spongy bone
Example:
Carpals
Tarsals
Short Bones
Thin, flattened, and
usually curved
Two thin layers of
compact bone surround
a layer of spongy bone
Example:
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Flat Bones
Irregular
bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other
bone classification
categories
Example:
Vertebrae
Hip bones
Classification of Bones
Has 2 basic types
of bone tissue
Spongy bone is inside
the compact bone and is
very porous
(full ofbone
tiny
Cancellous
holes). Spongy bone
occurs in most
bones
Small needle-like
Compact
bone is
pieces of bone
dense,
and
Many hard,
open spaces
forms the
protective exterior
portion of all
bones.
Bone composition
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Covered with articular cartilage
Composed mostly of spongy
bone
Diaphysis
Middle part of the bone
Covered with the tissue
membrane called
Periosteum
Composed of compact
bone
and medullary
Anatomy
of acavity
Long
Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of the
diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue
Compact
bone
membrane
the layer of bone that provides
most of its strength
Medullary cavity
Cavity inside of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in
adults
yellow color is due to the presence of ADIPOSE (AHdih-pohs)
or fatty connective tissue.
Contains red marrow (for blood cell
formation) in infants
Diaphysis
red color is due to the fact that it consists many blood
vessels.
CANCELLOUS BONE - the
layers of bone that have
many open spaces like a
sponge containing red
marrow
Made of hyaline cartilage
Covers the external
surface of the epiphyses
Decreases friction at joint
surfaces
Epiphysis
Appendicul
ar
skeleton
-
lies within the body
appendages (ah-PENdah-jes) or limb
attachments.
Axial
skeleton
-
lies within the head,
neck, and body trunk
Skeleton Subdivisions
skull, vertebral
column, and
thoracic cage
central supporting
portion of the
body
form the
foundation for the
attachments of
the appendicular
skeleton.
80 bones
22 bones in skull
6 in middle ears
1 hyoid bone
26 in vertebral
Axial skeleton
Oval in shape
behind is wider than
front
joined by sutures
Only the mandible is
attached by movable
joint
Skull
(Pair)
(Pair)
8 Cranial
bones
Bones In The Skull
14 facial bones
Pairs
Maxilla,
Zygomatic
Palatine
Lacrymal
Nasal
Inferior Nasal
Koncha
Mandible Or
Lower Jaw
Vomer
Bones In The Skull
6 ear ossicles.
(2) Malleus or
Hammer
(2) Incus or Anvil
(2) Stapes or Stirrups
The human bodys tiniest bones
The only bone
that does not
articulate with
another bone
Serves as a
moveable base
for the tongue,
and other
muscle
attachments
The Hyoid Bone
Forms
a cage to protect major organs,
the heart and the lungs.
Three
parts
1. Sternum
2. Ribs
True ribs (pairs 1
7)
False ribs (pairs 8
12)
Floating ribs (pairs
1112)
3. Thoracic
vertebrae
The Bony Thorax
24 single vertebral
bones separated by
intervertebral discs
7 cervical
vertebrae in the
12 neck
thoracic
vertebrae in the
region
5 chest
lumbar
vertebrae
associated with
the lower back
The Vertebral Column
Two composite bones
formed by fusion of 9
vertebrae
Sacrum
Formed by the fusion
of 5 vertebrae
Coccyx
Formed from the fusion of 4
vertebrae
Tailbone, or remnant of a tail
that other vertebrates have
The Vertebral Column
126 bones
The Pectoral Girdle (4)
Scapula
clavicle
Upper Limbs (60)
upper arm humerus
lower arm - radius and
ulna
Hand carpals,
metacarpals, and
phalanges
Lower Limbs (60)
thigh two femur
leg tibia and fibula
foot tarsus, metatarsals,
and phalanges
Patella knee cap
Pelvic Girdle(2)
Coxae or hip bone
Appendicular Skeleton
(2)
front, ventral to the rib cage and
just above the first rib
a Latin word that means little
key.
(2)
back part
a Greek word
meaningto dig.
Four Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
three parts:
Arm (2)
humerus longest bone in
the upper extremity.
Forearm (4)
the region between the
elbow and the wrist.
Radius and ulna
Hand (54)
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
60 Bones of the Upper
Limbs
The hand consists
of three parts (the
wrist, palm, and
five fingers) and 27
bones
Ulna
longer than
the radius
and
connected
more firmly
to the
humerus
Phalanges
Metacarpals
radi
us
contributes
more to the
movement
of the wrist
and hand
than the
ulna
Carpals
Bones
of the Upper
Limbs
Formed
by two
coxal
bones
3
pair
s of
fuse
It protects Reproductive
d
bon organs, Urinary bladder,
oflarge
the
es Two
and Bones
a part of the
Ilium
intestine.
Pelvic Girdle
Ischiu
Ischiu
male
female
[Link] female inlet is larger and more circular
2. The female pelvis as a whole is shallower,
and the bones are lighter and thinner
3. The female pubic arch is more rounded
4. The female sacrum is shorter and less
curved
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
much stronger than
upper limbs but are
able to move less.
Thigh
2 Femur
Leg
2
2
Tibia
Fibula
Foot
ankle 14 tarsals
Toes 28 phalanges, 10
metatarsals,
Patella
2 Kneecap
60 Bones of Lower Limb
Femur longest
and
strongest
bone in
the body,
making up
about twosevenths
of the
persons
height
Fibula much
thinner
than
tibia and
does not
carry the
body
weight
Tibia second
longest
bone
Bones of the Lower
Limbs
Foot
14 Tarsals
Largest tarsals
are Calcaneus
(heelbone) and
Talus
10 Metatarsals
28 Phalanges
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The place where two bones
come together.
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Can be Classified Structurally
[Link] joints - Generally immovable
[Link] joints - Immovable or slightly
moveable
[Link] joints Movable
Joints
Bones are united by fibrous tissue
(collagen fibers)
Sutures short fibers formed between cranial
bones
Syndesmoses movement is limited by tight
ligament
Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula
Structural joints
Gomphosis found between the teeth and jaw
and held by periodontal ligament
Types:
[Link]
rosis (Hyalin
cartilage)
Ex. between the first
rib and the
sternum
[Link]
s (Fibrocartilage)
Ex. Symphysis pubis
and intervertebral
disc
Connect bones by means of
cartilage
Structural joints
Synovial fluid mixture of
polysaccharides,
proteins, fats and
cells, that forms a
thin lubricating
film covering the
surfaces of a joint
Contain Synovial fluid.
Structural joints
occur between
two flat bones,
where one
moves
horizontally
over the other
in both
directions
allows extension
and retraction of
an appendage.
(Elbow, Knee)
There are 40 in
the body
Synovial joints
provide rotary movement
in which a bone rotates
on a ring or a ring of
bone rotates around a
central area
Found only in
the thumb
found in the shoulder and hip, and allow
for the freest movement
Synovial joints
Osteocytes - Mature bone
cells
Osteoblasts - Boneforming cells
Osteoclasts - Bone-
destroying cells which break
down bone matrix for
Bone
remodeling
is a process
remodeling
and release
of
by
both
osteoblasts
and
calcium
osteoclasts
Types of Bone Cells
In
embryos, the
skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
During
development,
much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Formation of
HumanSkeleton
1. Lengthwise growth of
long bones during
childhood occurs
New cartilage is continuously
formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
through the action of osteoblasts
bone-forming
cells)
2.(the
Bones
are remodeled
and
lengthened until growth stops
Bones are remodeled in response to:
Blood calcium levels
Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
Bones grow in width (called appositional
growth)
Bone Growth (Ossification)
Tuberculos
is of the
Spine
(Potts
Disease)
extrapulmona
ry
tuberculosis
that impacts
often
the spine
experienced
as
a local
phenomenon
that begins in
the thoracic
Diseases
and
section
of
the
Conditions
spinal column
Ricke
ts
the softening
and
weakening of
bones
because of an
extreme and
prolonged
vitamin D
Diseases and deficiency
Conditions
Scurvy
body lacks the
ability to
synthesize
and make
vitamin C and
therefore
depends on
exogenous
dietary
Diseases and Conditions
Go
ut
Inflammation of joints is
caused by a deposition
of uric acid crystals
from the blood
Can usually be
controlled with diet
Diseases and Conditions
Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome
swelling or a
change in
position of
the tissue
within the
carpal tunnel
Diseases and Conditions
Bone-thinning
disease
afflicting
Osteopor
osis
50% of women over
age 65
20% of men over
makes
bones fragile
age 70
bones can easily fracture
Vertebral collapse results in
kyphosis (also known as dowagers
hump)
Estrogen aids in health and normal
density of a female skeleton
Diseases and Conditions
Kyphosis
occur as a result of
developmental
problems;
degenerative
diseases, such as
arthritis of the spine;
osteoporosis with
compression
fractures
of theCurvatures
Abnormal
Lordosis
curvature of the
back bones
(vertebrae) in
the lower back
area, giving a
"swayback"
Abnormalappearance.
Curvatures
Scoliosis
abnormal curvature
of the spine
runs in families
More girls than boys
have severe scoliosis
Adult scoliosis may
be a worsening of a
condition that began
in childhood
Abnormal Curvatures
Arthritis
Tendoni
tis
inflammatory or
degenerative
diseases of
joints
inflammatio
n of tendon
sheaths
Inflammatory
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
Conditions
Associated with Joints
Review
Recitation!
!!
What are the 5 functions of
Skeletal System?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S______ the body
P______ soft organs
Allow m_______ due to
attached skeletal muscles
Store m_______ and f___
B____ c___ formation
What are the 5 Major parts
of the Skeletal System?
1.B____ - hard tissue made mostly of
cells, calcium, and collagen (a
protein that forms strong fibers and
is a mineral that adds strength)
2.J_____ - Where bones meet
3.C________ - strong, elastic tissue
that reduces friction and increases
flexibility
4.L________ - ligaments connect bone
to bone
What are the 4
classifications of bones
base on shape?
1.S____ bones
2.L___ bones
3.F___ bones
4.I________ bones
What are the 2 basic types
of bone tissue?
1.C______ bone tissue occurs
in most bones and is very
porous (full of tiny holes)
2.S_____ bone tissue is
dense, hard, and forms the
protective exterior portion
of all bones.
What are the 2 major
division of a long bone?
1. E________
Ends of the bone
Covered with articular cartilage
Composed mostly of spongy bone
2. D________
Middle part of the bone
Covered with the tissue membrane
called Periosteum
Composed of compact bone and
medullary cavity
The skeleton of an embryo
is composed almost
entirely of a connective
tissue called Hyaline
_________.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Which Subdivision of
Skeleton lies within the
head, neck, and body
trunk?
A. Appendicular Skeleton
B. Axial Skeleton
C. Normal Skeleton
D. Perdicular Skeleton
Which subdivision of
skeleton lies within the
body appendages or limb
attachments.
A. Tissues
B. Tendons
C. Axial skeleton
D. Appendicular Skeleton
A human skeleton has 22
bones in his skull which is
composed of 8 c______
bones and 14 f_____ bones?
A. cartilaginous and fibrous
b. cranial and facial
c. crucial and fetal
d. cracked and fractured
Osteologythe study of bones
Throughout the day, the discs in the spine are squashed,
making people shorter when they go to bed than when
they wake up.
Eighty bones protect the vital organs of heart, lungs, spinal
cord, and brain.
Osteoclasts consume old and worn bone matter;
osteoblasts manufacture new bone tissue. Both are
important to good bone health
Children with broken bones heal much faster than adults. A
bone that requires three to five months for healing in an
adult will mend in four to six weeks in a child.
The spinal column consists of a series of 26 individual
bones, or vertebrae.
Motorcycle accidents account for one injury to the skeletal
and muscular systems in every 7,000 hours of biking;
horseback-riding accidents account for one injury in every
2,000 hours of ridingthree and one-half times more than
motorcycling.
Interesting Facts
watchin
g!!!!
