Scribd
Upload
2 views21 pages

Understanding Inflammation and Healing

This document discusses inflammation and the healing process. It defines inflammation as the body's response to injury and a protective process connected to repair. There are different types of acute inflammation that can progress to chronic inflammation if the cause is not resolved. Inflammation is characterized by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It involves chemical and cellular processes like increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte migration. Prolonged inflammation can lead to scar formation or abscesses if the cause persists. Chronic inflammation involves recurring or persistent inflammation that can be caused by infection, autoimmune disorders, or prolonged irritant exposure. The healing process involves regeneration, repair, and remodeling over time through the

Uploaded by

api-292954931
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views21 pages

Understanding Inflammation and Healing

This document discusses inflammation and the healing process. It defines inflammation as the body's response to injury and a protective process connected to repair. There are different types of acute inflammation that can progress to chronic inflammation if the cause is not resolved. Inflammation is characterized by five cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It involves chemical and cellular processes like increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte migration. Prolonged inflammation can lead to scar formation or abscesses if the cause persists. Chronic inflammation involves recurring or persistent inflammation that can be caused by infection, autoimmune disorders, or prolonged irritant exposure. The healing process involves regeneration, repair, and remodeling over time through the

Uploaded by

api-292954931
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Inflammation

And
Healing
Dr S Porter
University of Cambridge

What is inflammation?
The bodys response to injury
A protective response
Connected to the repair process

resolution

cycle

chronic

acute
Inflammatio
n

sub-acute

bleeding

inflammation

proliferation

remodelling

time

Bacteria

Radiation

Toxin

Virus

Causes
of
inflammation

Chemical

Protozoa

Fungi

Tumour

Immunological

Cardinal signs
Sign
1. Rubor (red)
2. Calor (hot)
3. Tumor (swelling)
4. Dolor (pain)
5. Functio laesa
(loss of function)

Reason
Increased blood flow due to
vascular dilatation gives
redness and heat.
Increased vascular permeability
gives oedema causing swelling.
chemical mediators and
mechanical pressure stimulate
sensory nerve endings giving
pain.
Pain and swelling result in loss
of function.

Fluid escapes from vessels because of


endothelial cell Retraction, opening up
gap-junctions.
Margination-White blood cells move to
the margins of the capillaries Exudation of
protein-rich oedema Emigration- of
polymorphs through vessel wall
Chemotaxis movement towards chemical
mediators
Opsonisation by immunoglobulins on
bacteria provides a fibrin scaffold.
the site of injury
8

leukocytes margination rolling adhesion


emigration of:
neutrophils (1-2 days)
monocytes (2-3 days)

chemotaxis
Although migration of cells was detected from the early days of the
development of microscopy (Leeuwenhoek), description of chemotaxis
was first made by T W. Engelmann (1881) and W.F. Pfeffer (1884)

phagocytosis - lysosomal enzymes,


passive emigration of Red blood cells

Histamine
Histamine

Nitric oxide

Cytokines
Cytokines IL-1,
IL-1,
TNF.
TNF.

Serotonin

Chemical
mediators

Substance P

Plasma
Plasma
proteases
proteases and
and
the
the complement
complement
system

Prostaglandins

Arachidonic
Arachidonic
acid
acid metabolites
metabolites

10

PHAGOCYTOSIS
Recognition and attachment
Foreign objects coated with
opsonins which attach to
receptors on polymorph surface.

Engulfment
Cell membrane fuses around
an object.
Lysosomes empty into the
vacuole, often before vacuole
has time to seal - this gives
rise to 'regurgitation during
feeding' and enzymatic damage
to surrounding tissue.

11

Outcomes of acute inflammation


1.

Resolution - restoration to normal, limited injury

chemical substances neutralized


normalization of vascular permeability
apoptosis of inflammatory cells
lymphatic drainage

2. Scar
tissue destruction
fibrinous inflammtion
purulent inflammation abscess formation (pus)

3. Progress to chronic inflammation


12

Chronic inflammation
Causes
persisting infection
prolonged exposure to irritants
repeated acute inflammations (PID, tennis elbow)
sterile inflammation (silicosis)
autoimmune reactions (RA MS)

13

When do specific cells appear following trauma?


trauma

capillaries
fibroblast
lymphocyte
Neutrophyl
macrophage
thrombocytes

10

11

12

Days post injury


14

The factors affecting healing


Systemic factors
Age
Stress
Ischemia
Diabetes
Obesity
Medication ( NSAIDS)
Alcoholism and smoking
Immunocompromised conditions
Nutrition
15

Local factors
infection

Foreign
body

Delayed
healing

oedema

ischaemia

16

Bone healing

17

18

19

Examples of inflammation:
1

Match the inflammation:


A -Tonsilitis,
D - Bursitis,

B - Appendicitis,
E - Pneumonia,

C - Blister,
F- Rheumatoid Arthritis
20

The End

You might also like