Switching Realization
Switch and Circuit Realization
Switches
Transistor, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, Diodes,
Thyristors
How are switches arranged?
To realize circuit requirements and to satisfy
KVL and KCL of circuits
For quadrant operations
Realization of Switch
Realization of switch: Depends on
Polarity of voltage that the devices must block
in the OFF state
Polarity of the current the device must
conduct during the conduction state
Realization of Switch contd..
Refer the figure above
Switch A must block positive voltage Vg when
in OFF state
Must conduct positive current IL in positive
direction in the ON-state
If for all operating conditions the current
and blocking voltage lie in a single
quadrant
Realization of Switch contd..
The operation can be realized using a
transistor and/or a diode
SPST-Single Pole, Single Throw
Passive Switches
Single-Quadrant Switches SPST Passive
and Active Switches
Passive switches have terminals 1 and 0
while active switches have additional terminal
C for control action
Passive switches operate in ON and OFF
positions depending on the voltage and
current waveforms [V,I]
Passive Switches : Diode
Passive Switch- Diode
Ideal Diode: Requires V(t), I(t) waveforms
to turn ON/OFF
Diode OFF,
Diode ON,
I 0
I 0
when V (t ) 0
when V (t ) 0
Active Switches: BJT
Active Switch- With Control C
Thyristor, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor
Active Switches: MOSFET
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor
Active switches contd..
When control terminal C causes device to
be OFF I 0 and the device is capable of
blocking positive voltage V 0
When control terminal C causes device to
be in ON-state V = 0 and is capable of
conducting positive current I 0
The reverse block characteristics of BJT
and IGBT are poor or non-existent
Active switches contd..
MOSFET is able to conduct current in
reverse direction but is rarely used
Example:
Active Switches contd..
Switch A can be IGBT, BJT or MOSFET
Switch B can be Diode i.e. OFF when
VB 0
Current Bidirectional 2-Quadrant
Switches
DC-AC Inverters require switches to
conduct both negative and positive
currents but block only positive voltages
A current Bidirectional two Quadrant SPST
switch can be realized using a transistor
and an anti-parallel diode
Current Bidirectional 2 Quadrant
Switches contd..
A SPDT-single pole double throw current
bidirectional two quadrant switch can be
derived using two SPST switches
Current Bidirectional 2 Quadrant
Switches contd..
Two quadrant SPDT switch
A current Bidirectional SPDT switch
Conducts both positive and negative currents
Blocks positive voltage
Three phase DC-AC Inverter
Has 3 two quadrant SPDT switches one
per phase
Each switch block input voltage Vg,
conduct output currents
Three phase DC-AC inverter
contd..
Three phase Inverter
Battery Charger
Battery charger
Vbus > 0, Vbatt > 0
Q1, Q2, D1, D2 block positive voltage Vbatt
Battery Charger contd..
Charging mode:
IL > 0, Q1 and D2 alternately conduct current
Discharging mode:
IL < 0, Q2, D1 alternately conduct current
Voltage Bidirectional Two Quadrant
Switches
I > 0, V < 0
V>0
Voltage Bidirectional two quadrant
switches contd..
Switch must block both positive and
negative voltages and conduct positive
current
Requires an SPST switch using a series
connected transistor and diode
Voltage Bidirectional 2- Quadrant
Switches contd..
In OFF state, controller turns OFF the
transistor. Diode blocks negative voltage
and transistor blocks positive voltage
Blocks negative voltage up to diode
voltage rating
Blocks positive voltage up to transistor
voltage rating
Example: DC-AC Buck-Boost Inverter
DC-AC Buck Boost Inverter
Inverter mode IL > 0
All switches conduct only positive current
Switches must block output AC line-line
voltage
Four Quadrant SPST switch
Four quadrant switch capable of
conducting currents of either polarity and
blocking voltages of either polarity
Four Quadrant SPST switch contd..
Three ways of implementing a four-quadrant
SPST switch