Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering.
By: Bilal Shams Memon
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Derrick & Mast.
Substructure.
Prime movers.
Draw works.
Mud pumps.
Drill String.
Bits.
Drilling Line.
Auxiliary & Miscellaneous Equipments.
i.
ii.
Structure: Derrick (main
component)is a steel
structure of sufficient height
& strength.
Functions: Supports all
equipments & provides
vertical clearance to raising &
lowering the drill string into &
out of hole during drilling
operations.
Types:
Standard.
Portable.
i.
ii.
Standard Derrick: it is of bolted
construction, assembled part by part
& not raised to a working position as a
unit. For transportation, it must be
disassembled.
Portable Derrick (Mast): it is a
complete unit & cant be
disassembled.
Functions: Support of
derrick (derricks rest),
placement of
equipments, working
platform for rig crew,
installment place of BOPs.
Structure: steel platform
above the surface at
about 10-15ft.
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Function: generates power about 400-800KW (depending
upon rig size, well depth & engine size).
Supporting Operations: power consumes in mud pumps,
draw works, crew cabins, continuous drilling operations, etc.
Bulk of rig power is consumed by:
Circulation of drilling fluid.
Hoisting.
Engines Used:
Steam engine first RD-PM, now rarely used except where
continuous and large quantity of water is available.
Electric motor used for special applications like in city
drilling where power availability & noise restrictions have
made in practical.
Internal combustion engine most drilling rigs are powered
by IC engines, burns natural gas, gasoline or diesel.
i.
ii.
Structure: made of steel (like a thread) on which flexible drilling
line folded.
Functions:
Control of centre from which driller operates the rig. It contains
clutches, chains, rope sockets, engine throttles & other controls
which enables rig power to be diverted to the particular
operation.
It houses the drum which spools the drilling line during hoisting
operations & allows feed off during drilling.
Hoisting equipments main purpose are to lift & lower pipe out of
& into the hole respectively.
Hoisting equipments includes the top of derrick mounted with
crown block & by means of pulleys travelling block, hook &
swivel are suspended & moved on wire ropes.
Complete Draw-works
System
Crown Block
Travelling
Block
Rotary
Table
Hook
Swive
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Function: circulates drilling fluid at
desired pressure & volume.
Pumps are reciprocating piston,
double acting & duplex type.
Disadvantage: pulsating discharge
flow causes periodic impact loads
on discharge lines. This effect will
be minimal by air filled surging
chambers located on discharge line.
These pumps are commonly
denoted by bore & stroke.
The portion in between
the Kelly & drill bit is drill
string.
It has the installation of:
1. Kelly.
2. Drill pipes & tool joints.
3. Drill collars.
4. Stabilizer.
Configuration: It is square or hexagonal
steal manufactured suspended from tip
of swivel through rotary table (fixed
with it) & is connected to drill pipe.
Kelly applies rotational force to drill
pipe via rotary tables rotation, also bit
rotates due drill pipe rotation.
Mud hose is at the top of kelly, passes
the drilling mud into the drill string.
Kelly is visible portion during drilling
whilst marking its rotational rate helps
in observing bits penetration rate.
Function: DP gives necessary length to drill
string, serve as conduit for drilling fluid &
also gives weight to drill bit.
Configuration: DP sections are hollow,
seamless tubes; manufactured from high
grade steel usually in length of 20, 30 & 40
ft having dia varying from 2 to 9 inches &
may have weight 25 lb/ft.
Tool joints & connectors of DS are separate
component & attached to pipe after its
manufacture.
DP & tubular goods (joints) have API
specifications according to their outer
diameter, weight per foot, steel grade &
range (length).
Function: Increases
penetration power of drill bit
via increasing weight on bit
& reduces the tendency of
DP to bend and divert to bit.
Configuration: Heavy steel
shafts of about 30ft length &
to 2 tons weight (heavier
& thicker than drill pipes).
Function: Keeps the drill string /
bottom hole assembly centered and
stabilized (mechanically) in the hole.
Configuration: composed of hollow
cylindrical body & stabilizing blades
(straight or spiral); made up of high
strength steel.
Placement: Usually 2 to 3 stabilizers
are fitted into the BHA, including
one just above the drill bit (near-bit
stabilizer) and one or two among the
drill collars (string stabilizers).
Function: bit cuts the rock, make hole into
the ground.
Construction: made up of special strong
hard, resistant steel with teethes, bit body
& cones.
Classification:
Fish-tail or Drag.
Roller cutter.
Diamond.
Oldest & first used bit, drills soft & sticky
formations (but now roller cuter bits are
used)
Bit has no moving part & drills by
shoveling action of their blades on
encountered formation, where water
courses are placed in a way that drilling
fluid is directed on blades & keeping
them clean.
Blades & bit body is made up of various
alloy steels & are hard faced with
tungsten carbide.
Howard R. Hughes in 1909 initially
designed the bit for drilling the hard
formations (that cant drilled by drag
bits).
Classification:
a. Steel tooth (milled tooth) bit.
b. Tungsten carbide insert bit.
c. Jet bit.
Earlier made of two cones, now
these soft bits have three cones.
For soft formation: widely spaced,
long & sharp teeth bits are used.
For hard formation: more closely
spaced, shorter & stronger teeth
bits are used.
MT bits are available for all soft,
medium & hard formations.
Modern bits are of TCI or buttons
instead of teeth, run with high speed
of up to 180+ rpm.
Having 3 cones with buttons &
nozzles are below the cones.
Advantages: great durability & good
insert burial into formation, drills
excellently hardest formations like
quartzite or chert.
Available for all soft, medium & hard
formations (also with 2 cones).
5 times expensive than roller cutter, drills
hardest formations with scraping action
on stones via steel matrix.
Configurations:
Double cone bit having sharp pointed
nose, used for soft & medium soft
formations.
Modified double cone bit broader nose,
drills hard to hardest formations.
Round cone bit allows large amount of
diamond coverage in nose area but have
slow penetration rate, drills hard to
hardest formations.
Affords means of handling loads
suspended from hook during all
drilling operations.
Maximum load occurs when running
casing is done, fishing require line
pulls in excess of drill string weight.
Size is 6*19 scale construction, fiber
drill core, plow steel cable.
For high load requirements, premium
grade lines with independent wire
rope centre are used.
Rotary table.
Travelling block.
Crown block.
Hook.
Swivel.
Blow out preventers.
Rotary table provides rotation to kelly in
rotary drilling, powered by its own
electric motors.
Also accommodates slips mostly used
for pipe suspension in hole when kelly
disconnected.
Two primary functions:
Transmits rotation to drill string by
turning kelly joint.
Suspend pipe weights during
connections & trips.
TB has travelling pulley assembly
that connects drilling line to hook (as
a unit or in separate parts) & swivel.
TB assist in raising or lowering kelly
to connect additional pipes for
increasing the weight & length to
drill faster & deeper respectively.
CB is top most part on rig, having
pulleys for raising & lowering the
drilling line & travelling block.
Hook is attached with travelling block &
further with draw works through drilling line.
Hook provides support to travelling block
through draw works for raising or lowering
the drill string, also it hangs the swivel.
Swivel connected with hooks & have
bearings which provides rotation to drill
string (swivel does not rotate) while being
suspended by swivel.
Swivel also allows drilling fluid passage from
mud hose into drill string.
An assembly of heavy duty valves attached to top
of casing for controlling well pressure.
Two basic types:
Annular preventer rubber element (tested at
1500 psi for its strength) that closes annular
space tightly around kelly, drill pipes, drill collars
& open hole.
Ram preventers (mostly used in offshore drilling)
large steel valves with sealing elements that cuts
the drill pipe completely to seal the hole. Pipe &
blind rams are common examples.
Note: in sequence, annular preventer, pipe & blind
rams are installed on the well to control the kick
even if any one fails other will be active & works.