Ethics in Information
Technology, Second Edition
Chapter 4
Privacy
Objectives
What is the right of privacy, and what is the basis for
protecting personal privacy under the law?
What are some of the laws that authorize electronic
surveillance by the government, and what are the
associated ethical issues?
What are the two fundamental forms of data
encryption, and how does each work?
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Objectives (continued)
What is identity theft, and what techniques do
identity thieves use?
What are the various strategies for consumer
profiling and the associated ethical issues?
What must organizations do to treat consumer data
responsibly?
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Objectives (continued)
Why and how are employers increasingly using
workplace monitoring?
What is spamming, and what ethical issues are
associated with its use?
What are the capabilities of advanced surveillance
technologies, and what ethical issues do they raise?
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
What does privacy mean to
you?
What is privacy?
Being alone.
Al-Bara Al-Ohli (age 4)
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Westin Privacy and Freedom 1967
Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups or
institutions to determine for themselves when, how,
and to what extent information about them is
communicated to others
Privacy is not an absolute
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Privacy as process
Each individual is continually engaged in a
personal adjustment process in which he balances
the desire for privacy with the desire for disclosure
and communication.
- Alan Westin, 1967
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Westins four states of privacy
Solitude
individual separated from the group and freed from the
observation of other persons
Intimacy
individual is part of a small unit
Anonymity
individual in public but still seeks and finds freedom from
identification and surveillance
Reserve
the creation of a psychological barrier against unwanted
intrusion - holding back communication
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
Privacy Protection and the Law
Systems collect and store key data from every
interaction with customers
Many object to data collection policies of
government and business
Privacy is a
Key concern of Internet users
Top reason why nonusers still avoid the Internet
Reasonable limits must be set
Historical perspective on the right to privacy
Fourth Amendment - reasonable expectation of
privacy
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The Right of Privacy
Definition
The right to be left alonethe most comprehensive
of rights, and the right most valued by a free people
The right of individuals to control the collection and
use of information about themselves
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The Right of Privacy (continued)
Legal aspects
Protection from unreasonable intrusion upon ones
isolation
Protection from appropriation of ones name or
likeness
Protection from unreasonable publicity given to ones
private life
Protection from publicity that unreasonably places
one in a false light before the public
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Recent History of Privacy Protection
Legislative acts passed over the past 40 years
Most address invasion of privacy by the government
Not corporations
No single, overarching national data privacy policy
Communications Act of 1934
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970
Privacy Act of 1974
Childrens Online Protection Act (COPA)
European Community Directive 95/46/EC of 1998
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
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Chief privacy officers
Companies are increasingly appointing CPOs to have a
central point of contact for privacy concerns
Role of CPO varies in each company
Draft privacy policy
Respond to customer concerns
Educate employees about company privacy policy
Review new products and services for compliance with privacy
policy
Develop new initiatives to keep company out front on privacy
issue
Monitor pending privacy legislation
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Other initiatives (Seal programs)
TRUSTe [Link]
BBBOnline [Link]
CPA WebTrust [Link]
Japanese Privacy Mark [Link]
Independent, nonprofit initiatives
Favor an industry-regulated approach to data privacy
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Opt-out policy
Assumes that consumers approve of companies
collecting and storing their personal information
Requires consumers to actively opt out
Favored by data collectors
Opt-in policy
Must obtain specific permission from consumers
before collecting any data
Favored by consumers
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Summary of the 1980 OECD Privacy
Guidelines
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Legal Overview: The Privacy Act
Secure Flight airline safety program
Compares the names and information of 1.4 million
daily U.S. airline passengers with data on known or
suspected terrorists
Violation of Privacy Act
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Key Privacy and Anonymity Issues
Government electronic surveillance
Data encryption
Identity theft
Customer profiling
Need to treat customer data responsibly
Workplace monitoring
Spamming
Advanced surveillance techniques
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
Federal Wiretap Act
Outlines processes to obtain court authorization for
surveillance of all kinds of electronic communications
Judge must issue a court order based on probable
cause
Almost never deny government requests
Roving tap authority
Does not name specific telephone lines or e-mail
accounts
All accounts are tied to a specific person
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
(continued)
Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
(ECPA)
Sets standards for access to stored e-mail and other
electronic communications and records
Extends Title IIIs prohibitions against the
unauthorized interception, disclosure, or use of a
persons oral or electronic communications
Prosecutor does not have to justify requests
Judges are required to approve every request
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
(continued)
Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
(ECPA)
Highly controversial
Especially collection of computer data sent over the
Internet
Failed to address emerging technologies
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
(continued)
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978
(FISA)
Allows wiretapping of aliens and citizens in the
United States
Based on finding of probable cause that a target is
Member of a foreign terrorist group
Agent of a foreign power
Executive Order 12333
Legal authority for electronic surveillance outside the
United States
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
(continued)
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement
Act (CALEA)
Requires the telecommunications industry to build
tools into its products so that federal investigators
can eavesdrop on conversations
After getting court approval
Contains a provision covering radio-based data
communication
Includes voice over Internet (VoIP) technology
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Governmental Electronic Surveillance
(continued)
USA Patriot Act of 2001
Gives sweeping new powers to
Domestic law enforcement
International intelligence agencies
Contains several sunset provisions
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Key Provisions of the USA Patriot Act Subject to
Sunset
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Key Provisions of the USA Patriot Act Subject to
Sunset (continued)
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Data Encryption
Cryptography
Science of encoding messages
Only sender and intended receiver can understand
the messages
Key tool for ensuring confidentiality, integrity,
authenticity of electronic messages and online
business transactions
Encryption
Process of converting electronic messages into a
form understood only by the intended recipients
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Data Encryption (continued)
Encryption key
Variable value applied using an algorithm to encrypt
or decrypt text
Public key encryption system uses two keys
Message receivers public key - readily available
Message receivers private key - kept secret
RSA - a public key encryption algorithm
Private key encryption system
Single key to encode and decode messages
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Public Key Encryption
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Data Encryption (continued)
Most people agree encryption eventually must be
built into
Networks
File servers
Tape backup systems
Seagate Technology hard drive
Automatically encrypts all data
U.S. Arms Export Control Act controls the export of
encryption technology, hardware, and software
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Identity Theft
Theft of key pieces of personal information to gain
access to a persons financial accounts
Information includes:
Name
Address
Date of birth
Social Security number
Passport number
Drivers license number
Mothers maiden name
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Identity Theft (continued)
Fastest growing form of fraud in the United States
Lack of initiative in informing people whose data
was stolen
Phishing
Attempt to steal personal identity data
By tricking users into entering information on a
counterfeit Web site
Spear-phishing - a variation in which employees are
sent phony e-mails that look like they came from
high-level executives within their organization
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Identity Theft (continued)
Spyware
Keystroke-logging software
Enables the capture of:
Account usernames
Passwords
Credit card numbers
Other sensitive information
Operates even if an infected computer is not
connected to the Internet
Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of
1998 was passed to fight fraud
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E-mail Used by Phishers
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Consumer Profiling
Companies openly collect personal information
about Internet users
Cookies
Text files that a Web site puts on a users hard drive
so that it can remember the information later
Tracking software
Similar methods are used outside the Web
environment
Databases contain a huge amount of consumer
behavioral data
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Consumer Profiling (continued)
Affiliated Web sites
Group of Web sites served by a single advertising
network
Customized service for each consumer
Types of data collected while surfing the Web
GET data
POST data
Click-stream data
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Consumer Profiling (continued)
Four ways to limit or even stop the deposit of
cookies on hard drives
Set the browser to limit or stop cookies
Manually delete them from the hard drive
Download and install a cookie-management program
Use anonymous browsing programs that dont
accept cookies
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Consumer Profiling (continued)
Personalization software is used by marketers to
optimize the number, frequency, and mixture of
their ad placements
Rules-based
Collaborative filtering
Demographic filtering
Contextual commerce
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)
Shields users from sites that dont provide the level
of privacy protection desired
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Treating Consumer Data Responsibly
Strong measures are required to avoid customer
relationship problems
Code of Fair Information Practices
1980 OECD privacy guidelines
Chief privacy officer (CPO)
Executive to oversee data privacy policies and
initiatives
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Managers Checklist for Treating
Consumer Data Responsibly
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Workplace Monitoring
Employers monitor workers
Ensures that corporate IT usage policy is followed
Fourth Amendment cannot be used to limit how a
private employer treats its employees
Public-sector employees have far greater privacy
rights than in the private industry
Privacy advocates want federal legislation
To keeps employers from infringing upon privacy
rights of employees
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Spamming
Transmission of the same e-mail message to a
large number of people
Extremely inexpensive method of marketing
Used by many legitimate organizations
Can contain unwanted and objectionable materials
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Spamming (continued)
Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited
Pornography and Marketing (CANSPAM)
Says it is legal to spam but
Spammers cannot disguise their identity
There must be a label in the message specifying that
the e-mail is an ad or solicitation
They must include a way for recipients to indicate they
do not want future mass mailings
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Advanced Surveillance Technology
Camera surveillance
U.S. cities plan to expand surveillance systems
Smart surveillance system
Facial recognition software
Identifies criminal suspects and other undesirable
characters
Yields mixed results
Global Positioning System (GPS) chips
Placed in many devices
Precisely locate users
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Summary
The legal concept of the right to privacy has four
aspects
A number of laws have been enacted over the past
40 years that affect a persons privacy
Laws authorize electronic surveillance by the
government
Data encryption
Public key encryption system
Private key encryption system
Identity theft
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Summary (continued)
Consumer behavior data is collected both online
and offline
Code of Fair Information Practices and 1980 OECD
privacy guidelines
Employers record and review employee
communications and activities on the job
Advances in information technology
Surveillance cameras
Facial recognition software
GPS systems
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