PRONOUNS
He
We
We
Us
Sh
e
Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence
element used to replace a
noun, or a noun equivalent
construction. The replaced
noun is named the
"."antecedent
CATEGORIE
S OF
PRONOUNS
Syntactically, pronouns
have the same functions as
nouns do; morphologically,
pronouns are used to avoid
repetition, and to
set/clarify nouns'
categories of number,
. person, and gender
There are eight categories of pronouns,
The
:categories of pronouns are
.Personal Pronouns. 1
Possessive Pronouns .. 2
3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative Pronouns.
7. Reciprocal Pronouns.
.8. Indefinite Pronouns
PERSONAL
PRONOUN
Personal pronouns represent specific
people or things. We use them depending
:on
. number: singular (I) or plural ( we)
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you)
. or 3rd person(he)
gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter
. (it)
.case: subject (we) or object (us)
We use personal pronouns in place of
the person or people that we are
.talking about
Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example
:sentences
personal pronouns
number
person
gender
subject
object
1st
male/fema
le
me
2nd
male/fema
le
you
you
male
he
him
female
she
her
neuter
it
it
1st
male/fema
le
we
us
2nd
male/fema
le
you
you
singular
3rd
plural
Examples (in each 3rd
case, themale/fema
first example shows
a subject
they
them
le/neuter
:pronoun, the second an object pronoun)
. I like coffee .John helped me ? Do you like [Link] loves you . He runs fast?Did Ram beat him . She is clever?Does Mary know her . We went [Link] drove us . It doesn't work?Can the engineer repair it ? Do you need a table for three?Did John and Mary beat you at doubles. They played doublesJohn and Mary beat them -
:We often use it to introduce a remark
It is nice to have a holiday. sometimes
. It is important to dress well.
We also often use it to talk about
the weather, temperature, time
:and distance
. It's rainingIt will probably be hot. tomorrow
? Is it nine o'clock yetIt's 50 kilometers from here. to Cambridge
Possessiv
e
Pronouns
We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or
thing/things (the "antecedent")
belonging to a person/people (and
sometimes belonging to an
.animal/animals or thing/things)
You will never find apossessive pronoun near a
noun, despite the fact it is
the genitive of personal
:pronoun
We use possessive pronouns depending onnumber: singular (mine) or plural (ours)person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person(yours) or 3rd person (his)
. gender: male (his), female (hers)-
Below are the possessive pronouns, followed
by some example sentences. Each possessive
:pronoun can
. be subject or [Link] to a singular or plural antecedentnumber
singular
person
gender (of
"owner")
possessive
pronouns
1st
male/female
mine
2nd
male/female
yours
male
his
female
hers
1st
male/female
ours
2nd
male/female
yours
3rd
male/female/ne
uter
theirs
3rd
plural
:Examples
Look at these pictures. Mine is the bigone. (subject = My picture)
I like your flowers. Do you like mine?(object = my flowers)
All the essays were good but his was thebest. (subject = his essay)
John found his passport but Mary couldn'tfind hers. (object = her passport)
Singular
Plural
my
Used
your
before
nouns his, her,
its
mine
Used
yours
alone
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
his, hers,
its
REFLEXIVE
AND
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN
Definitio
ns
Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voiceverb in order to reflect the action of the verb
back on the subject--the antecedent.
-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its
antecedent in order to accentuate its
action/state.
-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take
. different positions within the sentence structure
We use a reflexive pronoun**
when we want to refer back to
the subject of the sentence or
clause. Reflexive pronouns end
in "-self" (singular) or "-selves"
. (plural)
There are eight reflexive
reflexive pronoun
: pronouns
singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
the underlined words are
the SAME person/thing
. I saw myself in the mirror ?Why do you blame yourself . John sent himself a copy -
I made it myself. OR I myself made. it
Have you yourself seen it? OR Have? you seen it yourself
She spoke to me herself. OR She. herself spoke to me
DEMONSTRATI
VE
PRONOUN
Demonstrative pronouns
and demonstrative
adjectives have exactly
the same forms. The way
to differentiate them
depends on their position
relative to the
Demonstrative pronouns
antecedent/determined
.THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE
.nouns
THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO
A demonstrative pronoun represents
:a thing or things
near in distance or time (this,*
these)
far in distance
or time
(that,*
near
far
those)
singular
this
that
plural
these
those
. This tastes good*
. These are bad times*
. That is beautiful*
! Those were the days*
ATTENTION
The word "that" has four main
functions:
1. demonstrative pronoun or
adjective:
That book is good.
2. relative pronoun:
Anything that you remember
could help a lot.
3. conjunction:
He said that he had been there
before.
4. adverb:
Do not confuse demonstrative pronounswith demonstrative adjectives. They are
identical, but a demonstrative pronoun
, stands alone
while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a
.noun
That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)That book is good. (demonstrativeNormally we use demonstrative pronouns
adjective + noun)
for things only. But we can use them for
people when the person is identified. Look
: at these examples
? This is Josef speaking. Is that MaryThat sounds like John-
INTERROGATIV
E
PRONOUN
We use interrogative pronouns to ask
questions. The interrogative pronoun
represents the thing that we don't know (what
. we are asking the question about)
There are four main interrogative pronouns:
. who, whom, what, which
The possessive pronounwhose can also be an
interrogative pronoun (an
interrogative possessive
.pronoun)
person
subject
object
who
whom
thing
what
person/thin
g
which
person
whose
possessi)
(ve
Examples
:
question
answer
Who told
? you
John told
. me
subject
Whom did
? you tell
. I told Mary
object
What's
? happened
An
accident's
. happened
subject
Relative
Pronouns
A relative pronoun is a pronounthat introduces a relative clause. It
is called a "relative" pronoun
because it "relates" to the word
.that it modifies
There are five relative pronouns: who,
.whom, whose, which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally
only for people. Whose is for possession.
Which is for things. That can be used for
people, and things and as subject and object in
.defining relative clauses
Relative pronouns can refer to singular or
plural, and there is no difference between
. male and female
:Examples
The person who phoned me [Link] is my teacher
The car which hit me was yellowThe person whom I [Link] night is my teacher
The car, whose driver jumpedout just before the accident,
was completely destroyed
Reciproc
al
Pronouns
We use reciprocalpronouns when each of
two or more subjects is
acting in the same way
.towards the other
There are only two reciprocal
pronouns, and they are both two
:words
each otherone another-
:When we use these reciprocal pronounsthere must be two or more people, things
or groups involved (so we cannot use
reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular],
he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing
Examples
John
and Mary love each:
. other
The ten prisoners were all. blaming one another
Why don't you believe each?other
INDEFINITE
PRONOUN
An indefinite
pronoun does not
refer to any specific
person, thing or
amount. It is vague
and "not definite".
Some typical
indefinite pronouns
Some Indefinite Pronouns
Singular
Plura
l
another
everybody
no one both
anybody
everyone
few
nothing
many
anyone
everything
one
others
anything
much
severa
somebody
l
each
neither
All,
any, most,
none and some
someone
can be singular or plural,
either
nobody
depending
on the phrase that
something
Note that many indefinite pronouns
also function as other parts of speech.
Look at "another" in the following
:sentences
He has one job in the day and anotherat night. (pronoun)
I'd like another drink, please.(adjective)
Most indefinite pronouns are either
singular or plural. However, some of them
can be singular in one context and plural
.in another
Notice that : A singular pronoun takes
a singular verb AND that any personal
pronoun should also agree (in number
gender)[Link]
is forgiven.
.- All have arrived
We can start the meeting [Link] has arrived
John likes coffee but not tea. I think both [Link]
Reference
. :[Link]
-1
s
-2
.[Link]
Taghreed Ahmed
Basabrain
3091116
