Inflow Performance
Instructional Objectives
Calculate the IPR for oil wells
Calculate the IPR for gas wells
Reservoir Capabilities
Darcys Law
Liquid flow in Laminar Flow through
a permeable medium is described by
Darcys Law
7.08 X 10 k h p p wf
q
re
0.75 s
o Bo ln
r
w
Reservoir Capabilities
s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)
ra
s
1 ln
rw
ka
Productivity Index
A common indicator of liquid reservoir
behavior is PI or productivity index
Referred to as J in SPE
nomenclature
q
STB / D / psi
J
p p wf
Productivity Index in Terms
of Darcys Law
3
7.08 X 10 k h
J
re
0.75
o Bo ln
rw
Calculating Flowrate
Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q,
quickly and easily from
q J (p p wf )
Exercise 1
Given reservoir parameters:
k
= 30 md
h
= 40 ft
o
= 0.5 cp
Bo
= 1.2 RB/STB
hole size = 8 inches
s
=0
Exercise 1
Calculate:
J for re = 1,000 ft
q for a drawdown (p p wf) of 750 psi
q for a drawdown of 1,000 psi
With p = 3,000 psia, calculate q for a
complete drawdown (absolute open
flow potential).
Multiphase Flow
Bubblepoint pressure (pb)
Pressure at which first bubble of gas
is released from reservoir oils
Multiphase Flow
Vogels Behavior
IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data
using the following dimensionless
variables
p wf
p
and
q
qmax
Vogel Curve
1
0.8
pwf/pr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
q/qmax
0.8
Multiphase Flow
Mathematical model for Vogels curve
pwf
1 0.2
qmax
p
pwf
0.8
Multiphase Flow
Mathematical relationship between
Vogel (qmax) and Darcy (AOF)
AOF J p
qmax
1 .8
1 .8
Finding Vogel qmax
1
0.8
pwf/pr
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
q/qmax
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Exercise 2
Reservoir parameters:
p = 2,350 psia
= 140 md
= 35 ft
o = 0.8 cp
Bo = 1.25 rbbl/STB
re
= 2,000 ft
rw
= 0.411 ft
pb = 3,000 psia
s
= 2
Exercise 2
Calculate J
Calculate qmax
Construct IPR curve
Multiphase Flow
Combination Darcy/Vogel
p
Co
ns
ta
nt
J
Pressure
pb
Vo
ge
l
pwf
Be
ha
vi
or
J pb
qb
qmax
1.8
O
O
Rate
Multiphase Flow
How to find qmax:
for q qb , Darcy' s law applies : q J p p wf
for q qb then :
p wf
p
wf
q qb qmax qb 1 0.2
0.8
pb
pb
J pb
qmax qb
1.8
Gas Reservoirs
Pseudosteady State
The behavior of gas flowing in
laminar flow through a porous
medium (Darcys Law)
7.03X10 4 k h p 2 p2wf
q
re
0.75 s
g T z ln
rw
Calculation of IPR Curve
4000
pwfs, psia
3000
2000
1000
0
0
2000
4000
6000
q, Mscf/day
8000
10000
12000
Using the Real Gas
Pseudopressure (pp (p))
7.03 x 10 4 kh pp p pp p wf
q
re
0.75 s
T ln
rw
and
p
p
pp p 2
dp
p z
o
Exercise 3
Plot the IPR Curve
Given the following data and using the
pressure squared relationship:
k = 100 md
h = 20 ft
re = 1,500 ft
rw = 0.33 ft
s
= 0
= g0.02 cp
T
=z
=p
g
= 610R
0.9
4,000 psig
= 0.65
IPR in Gas Reservoirs
Jones Gas IPR
Problem Darcys law valid for laminar flow
only
High permeability gas wells
produce in turbulent flow near the
wellbore
2
2
2
p p wf aq bq
Definitions
re
0.75
1.424 x10 g z T ln
rw
kh
3
3.16 x10 12 g T z
hp2 rw
Determination of h
hp
h
hp
Solving Jones Equation
The flow rate is:
a a 4b p
2b
2
p wf
Solving Jones Equation
The value of the AOF is then given by:
a a 4bp
AOF
2b
Solving Jones Equation
Solve for the well flowing pressure:
p wf p b q a q
Exercise 4
Calculate the IPR curve for
hp = 20 ft and
hp = 10 ft with the data in notes
Calculate the IPR using Darcys law
only
Compare the three IPR curves
Transient IPR Curves
Assumptions
Darcys and Jones laws assume that the
average pressure
is constant
p
Drainage radius, re, is constant and that
These assumptions are true in pseudosteady state only, i.e. when all of the outer
boundaries of the reservoir are reached.
Transient IPR Curves
The time to reach pseudo-steady state
(pss), tstab, can be calculated with the
following equation
948 c t re
t stab
k
Exercise 5
Oil Well Stabilization Time
Find tstab with the following data
= 0.1
o = 0.5 cp
ct
re
= 2 X 10-5 psi-1
= 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
Exercise 6
Gas Well Stabilization Time
Find tstab with the following data
= 0.1
g = 0.02 cp
ct
re
= 2 X 10-4 psi-1
= 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
Transient Flow
pwf
p
tstab > t3 > t2 > t1
t1
t2
tstab
t3
Transient IPR Curves
Transient Flow Equation
for oil wells
k h p p wf
q
o
kt
3.23 0.87 s
162.6o Bo log
c r2
o t w
for gas wells (low pressure only)
qg
1638g T z
k h p 2 p2wf
k
t
3.23 0.87 s
log
c r2
g t w
References
