Viscosity And Surface Tension
Vidushi And Mayank
XI A
Fluid Resistance
An object moving through or
on a fluid meets resistance.
Force causes the fluid to
move.
The velocity is proportional
to the force.
vx
Velocity Gradient
The resistance tends to keep
the fluid in place.
Law of inertia
vx
The fluid moves most near
the object and least farther
away.
This is a velocity gradient.
Law of Viscosity
Newton combined these two
proportionalities.
This is the law of viscosity.
A is the area of the solid
sliding on the fluid
The constant is the
dynamic viscosity and
depends on the type of fluid.
vx
Poiseuilles Law
Flow in a tube is affected by
sides in all directions.
The relationship between
velocity and distance is
r
P1
vx
The total volume flow rate is
P2
Drag Force
Fb
Objects falling through a fluid
reach terminal velocity.
For low speeds this is due to
viscocity.
Stokess Law describes the
drag force.
Fd
Fg
Surface Tension
Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface
of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
Surface tension is an important property that markedly
influences the ecosystem. Surface tension is exposed,
for example, any time an object or insect (e.g. water
striders) that is denser than water is able to float or run
along the water surface.
Causes:
The cohesive forces among liquid
molecules are responsible for the
phenomenon of surface tension. In
the bulk of the liquid, each molecule
is pulled equally in every direction by
neighboring liquid molecules,
resulting in a net force of zero. The
molecules at the surface do not have
other molecules on all sides of them
and therefore are pulled inwards. This
creates some internal pressure and
forces liquid surfaces to contract to
the minimal area.
Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid
droplets. Although easily deformed, droplets of water
tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive
forces of the surface layer. In the absence of other forces,
including gravity, drops of virtually all liquids would be
approximately spherical. The spherical shape minimizes
the necessary "wall tension" of the surface layer
according to Laplace's law.
Effects Of Surface Tension
A. Beading of rain water on a waxy surface, such as a leaf.
Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to itself, so water
clusters into drops. Surface tension gives them their nearspherical shape, because a sphere has the smallest possible
surface area to volume ratio.
B. Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid is
stretched. The animation shows water adhering to the faucet
gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface
tension can no longer bind it to the faucet. It then separates
and surface tension forms the drop into a sphere. If a stream
of water was running from the faucet, the stream would break
up into drops during its fall. Gravity stretches the stream, then
surface tension pinches it into spheres.
C. Flotation of objects denser than water occurs when the
object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be
borne by the forces arising from surface tension. For
example, water striders use surface tension to walk on the
surface of a pond. The surface of the water behaves like an
elastic film: the insect's feet cause indentations in the water's
surface, increasing its surface area.
D. Separation of oil and water (in this case, water and
liquid wax) is caused by a tension in the surface between
dissimilar liquids. This type of surface tension is called
"interface tension", but its chemistry is the same.
E. Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on
the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage. Its
cause is a complex interaction between the differing
surface tensions of water and ethanol; it is induced by a
combination of surface tension modification of water by
ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than
water.
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