Database and Web Database
Systems
CT014-3-2
Introduction to Databases
Topic and Structure of the Lesson
Definition of Database and Database management
systems
File-based systems
Comparison between File-based system and Database
management systems
Functions of DBMS
Advantage and disadvantage of DBMS
Content & diagrams taken from Connolly & Begg 2005
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 2 (of 30)
Learning
Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, YOU should be able to:
define databases & DBMS.
define file-based systems.
comparison between file-based system & DBMS.
explain the functions of DBMS.
discuss the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 3 (of 30)
Key Terms you must be able to use
If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to
use the following terms correctly in your assignments
and exams:
Database
Database Systems
Database Management Systems
Data File
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 4 (of 30)
Examples of Database
Applications
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using your credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Using the local library
Taking out insurance
Using the Internet
Studying at university
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 5 (of 30)
File-based
Systems
Collection of application programs that perform
services for the end users (e.g. reports).
Each program defines and manages its own data.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 6 (of 30)
File-Based Processing
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 7 (of 30)
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
Separation and isolation of data
Each program maintains its own set of data.
Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.
Duplication of data
Same data is held by different programs.
Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 8 (of 30)
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
Data dependence
File structure is defined in the program code.
Incompatible file formats
Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
easily access each others files.
Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs
Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
Any new requirement needs a new program.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 9 (of 30)
Database Approach
Arose because:
Definition of data was embedded in application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.
Result:
the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 10 (of 30)
Database
Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
System catalog (metadata) provides description of
data to enable programdata independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes,
and relationships of an organizations information.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 11 (of 30)
Database Management System
(DBMS)
A software system that enables users to define,
create, and maintain the database and that provides
controlled access to this database.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 12 (of 30)
Database Management System
(DBMS)
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 13 (of 30)
Database Approach
Data definition language (DDL).
Permits specification of data types, structures and
any data constraints.
All specifications are stored in the database.
Data manipulation language (DML).
General enquiry facility (query language) of the
data.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 14 (of 30)
Database Approach
Controlled access to database may include:
A security system.
An integrity system.
A concurrency control system.
A recovery control system.
A user-accessible catalog.
A view mechanism.
Provides users with only the data they want or
need to use.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 15 (of 30)
Views
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 16 (of 30)
Views
Benefits include:
Reduce complexity;
Provide a level of security;
Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database;
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the
structure of the database, even if the underlying
database is changed.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 17 (of 30)
Components of the Database
Environment
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 18 (of 30)
Components of the Database
Environment
Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
Data
Used by the organization and a description of this
data called the schema.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 19 (of 30)
Components of the Database
Environment
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design
and use of the database and DBMS.
People
The people that participate in the database environment.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 20 (of 30)
Roles in the Database
Environment
Data Administrator (DA)
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Application Programmers
End Users (naive and sophisticated)
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 21 (of 30)
History of Database Systems
First-generation
Hierarchical and Network
Second generation
Relational
Third generation
Object Relational
Object-Oriented
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 22 (of 30)
Advantages of DBMSs
Control of data redundancy
Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Economy of scale
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 23 (of 30)
Advantages of DBMSs
Balanced conflicting requirements
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Increased productivity
Improved maintenance through data independence
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 24 (of 30)
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of a failure
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 25 (of 30)
Quick Review
Question
List the components in the database environment.
List 4 categories of personnel involved in a database
environment.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 26 (of 30)
Follow Up Assignment
Working in your groups, explain any other application
(apart from those mentioned in the slides) that
you are familiar with.
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 27 (of 30)
Summary
File-based systems
Database management systems
File based versus Database systems
Database approach
Database components
Advantages and disadvantages of databases
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 28 (of 30)
Question and Answer
Session
Q&A
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 29 (of 30)
Next
Session
The ANSI-SPARC database architecture
CT014-3-2 Database and Web Database Systems
Introduction to Databases
Slide 30 (of 30)