CONTROL VALVES
CONTROL VALVES
INTRODUCTION
CONTROL VALVE DEFINITION
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROL VALVE :
Contain the fluid without external leakage;
Have adequate capacity for the intended
service;
Be capable of withstanding the erosive,
corrosive, and temperature influences of the
process
Incorporate appropriate end connections to
mate with adjacent pipelines
actuator attachment means to permit
transmission of actuator thrust to the valve
plug stem or rotary shaft.
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MAJOR COMPONENTS
TYPES OF CONTROL VALVES
Sliding-Stem Valves
Rotary shaft valves
TYPES OF CONTROL VALVES
Sliding-Stem Valves
include globe valves, angle valves, and
double seat valves
globe style valve is the most common
used valve
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
VALVE BODY
BONNET
TRIM
GASKETS
PACKING
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Plug Balancing
Unbalanced plug
Plug Balancing
Balanced plug
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Globe Valves body types
Single-Port Valve Bodies
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Globe Valves body types
Single-Port Valve Bodies
is the most common valve body style
and is simple in construction
specified for applications with
stringent shutoff requirements
port valves can be used in 4-inch to
8-inch sizes with high-thrust
actuators.
Many modern single-seated valve
bodies use cage or retainer style
construction
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Globe Valves body types
Single-Port Valve Bodies
Angle valves
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Globe Valves body types
Double-Ported Valve Bodies
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Globe Valves body types
Double-Ported Valve Bodies
Dynamic force on plug tends to be balanced as
flow tends to open one port and close the
other.
Allow choosing a smaller actuator than singleported valve body with similar capacity.
Bodies normally have higher capacity than
single-ported valves of the same line size.
the valve plug can be installed as either pushdown-to-open or push-down-to-close
typically used in refineries on highly viscous
fluids
This valve type demonstrates a unique form of
plug instability and vibration at high pressure
drops
shutoff is limited to ANSI Class II.
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Globe Valves body types
Three-Way Valve Bodies
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Globe Valves body types
Three-Way Valve Bodies
Provide general converging (flowmixing) or diverging (flow-splitting)
service.
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TYPES OF CONTROL VALVES
Rotary-Shaft Valves
include ball valves, butterfly valves, and
rotary-plug valves
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Rotary valve body types
Butterfly Valve Bodies
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Rotary valve body types
Butterfly Valve Bodies
Bodies require minimum space for installation
provide high capacity with low pressure loss
through the valves.
Butterfly valve bodies might require high-output
or large actuators if the valve is big or the
pressure drop is high, because operating torques
might be quite large.
Standard butterfly valves are available in sizes
through 72-inch for miscellaneous control valve
applications
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Rotary valve body types
Full Ball Valve Designs
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Rotary valve body types
Full Ball Valve Designs
ball valves have very high flow coefficients.
High pressure recovery
Limitations Of Full Bore Valves
Poor flow characteristic
Flow control is imprecise in the first increments
of valve opening or valve closing.
Floating ball designs have had chronic problems
with line pressure forcing the seals out of the
valve body.
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COMPARISON
Sliding-Stem Valves
Rotary valve
Tortuous flow path
Low recovery
Can throttle small flow rates
Offers variety of special trim
designs
Suited to high-pressure
applications
Usually flanged or threaded
Separable bonnet
Streamlined flow path
High recovery
More capacity
Less packing wear
Can handle slurry and
abrasives
Flangeless
Integral bonnet
High rangeability
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CONTROL VALVE
CLASSIFICATION
Control Valve Packing
PTFE V-Ring
Plastic material minimizing friction.
Packing lubrication not required.
Resistant to most known chemicals except molten
alkali metals.
Requires extremely smooth stem finish to seal
properly. Will leak if stem or packing surface is
damaged.
Recommended temperature limits: 40 to +450_F
(40 to +232_C)
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CONTROL VALVE
CLASSIFICATION
Control Valve Packing
Laminated and Filament Graphite
Suitable for high temperature nuclear service or
where low chloride content is desirable.
Provides leak-free operation, high thermal
conductivity, and long service life, but produces
high stem friction and resultant hysteresis.
Impervious to most hard-to-handle fluids and high
radiation.
Suitable temperature range: 1200F (649 C)
Lubrication not required, but an extension bonnet
or steel yoke should be used when packing box
temperature exceeds 800F (427C).
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CONTROL VALVE
CLASSIFICATION
ANSI Class Ratings
ANSI Class Pressure Ratings For WCC Carbon Steel Valve Bodies And Bonnets
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CONTROL VALVE
CLASSIFICATION
Flow Capacity
Flow Coefficient (Cv) Definition
Basic Liquid Flow Equation
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CAVITATION
Cavitation Defined
Cavitation Damage
Valve Selection with CAVITATION
FLASHING
Flashing Defined
Flashing Damage
Valve Selection with FLASHING
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Actuator Functions
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Actuator types :
Diaphragm Actuators
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Actuator types :
Diaphragm Actuators
The spring-and-diaphragm actuator is the most
popular actuator type.
Various styles include: direct acting reverse-acting;
reversible
Net output thrust is the difference between
diaphragm force and opposing spring force.
Output thrust required and supply air pressure
available dictate size.
Diaphragm actuators are simple, dependable, and
economical.
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Actuator types :
Piston Actuators
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Actuator types :
Piston Actuators
Pneumatically operated using highpressure plant air
to 150 psig,
furnish maximum thrust output and fast stroking
speeds.
Are double acting to give maximum force in both
directions, or spring return to provide fail-open or
fail-closed operation.
Rotary-shaft control valves include a sliding seal in
the lower end of the cylinder. This permits the
actuator stem to move laterally as well as up and
down
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
Direct And Reverse-Acting Actuators
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CONTROL VALVE ACTUATOR
The Desired Fail Mode
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ACTUATOR SIZING
Unbalance force =
net pressure differential X net unbalance area
Force to Provide Seat Load
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ACTUATOR SIZING
Actuator Force Calculations
Piston actuators
Piston Area X Minimum Supply Pressure = Available Thrust
Diaphragm Actuator
BENCH SET
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ACTUATOR SIZING
CONTROL VALVE ATC-FO ACTION
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ACTUATOR SIZING
CONTROL VALVE ATO-FC ACTION
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CONTROL VALVE
POSITIONER
Role
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Positioner Operation
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Positioner Options
Positioner Action
Gauges
Bypass Valve
Positioner Characteristics
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Questions ?
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