1

DEVELOPMENT OF
PERIODONTIUM

CONTENTS:-

1. Introduction
2. General concepts
A. Neural crest development
B. Brachial arch system
C. Formation of dental lamina and tooth bud
3. Development of components of periodontium
A. Cementum development
B. Periodontal ligament development
C. Alveolar bone development
D. Gingival tissues development
4. Epithelial- mesenchymal tissue interactions
A. Genetic features
B. Molecular features
C. Role of extracellular matrix
4. Conclusion
5. References
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Introduction
Development is the progressive evolution of a tissue
and usually refers to an increase in its complexity and
specialization.
No consideration of these tissues would be complete
without
discussion
of
their
formation
and
development.
Indeed, through understanding the development of
tissues, the mechanisms required for inducing repair
and regeneration of damaged tissues is very much
essential.
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NEURAL CREST DEVELOPMENT

First 3
weeks of Rapid cell
embryonic PROLIFERATION and
MIGRATION
developm
ent
8th day of
and endoderm
embryonic Ectoderm
formation BILAMINAR
developm
DISC
ent
By 3rd
week of
embryonic Formation of MESODERM
developm
ent

The branchial arch system

As the head fold occurs early in the development of the
embryo, the primitive stomatodeum is established, with
its lateral boundary initially consisting of a sandwich of
ectoderm a thin layer of mesoderm and finally the
ectoderm covering the external aspect of the embryo.
The thin layer of mesoderm In this sandwich becomes
reinforced by a stream of neural crest cells, with the
result a series of swellings form on the lateral aspect of
the stomatodeum and extend into its floor. These
swellings are the branchial arches

Dental lamina and tooth primordium

6TH WEEK
7TH WEEK

tooth formation
ECTODERM OF 1ST
ARCH
ECTODERM OF 1ST
ARCH

ENAMEL ORGAN

ENAMEL

DENTIN
TOOTH GERM

DENTAL PAPILLA
PULP

CEMENTUM
ECTO MESENCHYME
FROM NEURAL CREST

DENTAL FOLLICLE

PERIODONTAL
LIGAMENT

ALVEOLAR BONE
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 Developmental potential of dental follicle in

numerous tooth transplantation experiments
were studied by Hoffman, Tencate and Palmer.

Hoffman demonstrated formation of all elements

of periodontium following tooth bud
transplantation to subcutaneous tissues.

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 Ten Cate et al. studied the fate of transplanted

tooth buds previously labeled with tritiated
thymidine .

Yoshikawa & kollar demonstrated that dental

follicle & dental papilla had similar developmental
potentials and could be stipulated for one another
in forming a tooth

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Development of Cementum
Cementogenesis is a complicated series of
orchestrated
processes requiring interactions between
inductive epithelial
cells, responsive follicular mesenchymal cells
and a dentine
surface
where the Cementum is
Pre - functional
Formation
of Cementumformed
can beduring
subdivided
development
root
stage
into:development.
Functional
development
stage

when the tooth is about to

reach the occlusal level &
continues throughout life.
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INITIATION of CEMENTUM FORMATION

Hertwigs root sheat

Formation of pre dentin

Fragmentation of root sheath

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Development of dentino cemental junction

Differentiation of cemento progenitor cells into fully activated
cementum-producing cells(cementoblasts), takes place along
the newly deposited and not yet mineralized matrix of the
radicular mantle dentin.
At the beginning of their maturation on the root surface, they
extend numerous tiny cytoplasmic processes into the loosely
arranged and not yet mineralized dentinal matrix (hyaline
layer).

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This enables the cementoblasts to position the initially

secreted collagen fibrils of the cementum matrix among those
of the dentinal matrix, and this crucial step leads eventually to
an intimate inter digitation of the two different fibril
populations
The mineralization of the outermost layer of the dentin matrix,
that is, the mantle dentin, appears to be delayed and the
mineralization front in dentin does reach the future
dentinocemental junction, before the implantation of the
cementum matrix is established

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Classified in to 5 major types by Schroeder {1992}

a. Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC)
b. Acellular afibrillar cementum (AAC)
c. Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC)
d. Acellular intrinsic fiber cementum (AIFC)
e. Cellular mixed stratified cementum (CMSC)

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Acellular afibrillar cementum (AAC)

It most likely represents an aberration of the development
process in which part of the reduced enamel epithelium
disaggregates and allows cells from the dental follicle to
interact with the exposed enamel matrix, leading to cementum
deposition.
Acellular afibrillar cementum classically appears as cementum
spurs or cementum islands on the crowns of erupted teeth. It
may be deposited during tooth formation, during tooth eruption,
or possibly after tooth eruption
This type of cementum is probably of little functional
significance because it is not involved in fiber insertion and
tooth anchorage.
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Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum

(AEFC)

The cementoblasts producing acellular extrinsic fiber

cementum commence their cell differentiation in closest
proximity to the advancing root edge. This may occur only
about 20 to 30 m coronal to the first deposited dentinal
matrix.
These cells resemble fibroblasts and is made by a particular
class of fibroblasts that are alkaline phosphatase positive and
commence to produce and attach the collagenous cementum
matrix (cementoid) as close as 50 m coronal to the root
edge)

These cells produce the first AEFC matrix as small bundles of

collagen fibrils that increase in length and density in the
apicocoronal direction. The fibers eventually are parallel to
each other and perpendicular to the root surface. forming a 19

These fibers terminate and intermingle with the fibers of the

dentinal matrix at About 200 to 300 m coronal to the
advancing root edge
Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum-forming cells have sheathlike cytoplasmic processes that delineate extracellular
compartments within which the fringe fibers are assembled.
As the density and diameter of the fiber bundles increase,
cytoplasmic extensions that surround the fibers retract and
the fiber bundles coalesce to form thicker fibers
After the fringe fibers reach a length of about 20 m they
become associated and continuous with the principal fibers
developing in the periodontal ligament.

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In this type of cementum, mineralization starts as isolated patches.

As soon as the first fiber fringe reaches maximum density, the

external mineralization front approaches the zone of interdigitation of
the fringe fibers and the dentin matrix, and the base of the fiber fringe
begins to mineralize.

The fiber fringe elongates along with the advancement of the

mineralization front, which eventually becomes smooth and stabilized

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Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC)

In addition to being a component of cellular mixed stratified

cementum, also considered to be a form of reparative
cementum. This type of cementum is commonly associated
with the repair of resorptive defects and the healing of root
fractures
The principal cell involved in the synthesis of this type of
cementum is the cementoblasts which randomly secrete
matrix in a relatively multipolar mode enables oriented and
mature cementoblasts become embedded in this CIFC
matrix.

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Acellular intrinsic fiber cementum (AIFC)

A cellular variant of intrinsic fiber cementum that is also
deposited during adaptive responses to external forces, and
that forms without leaving cells behind
Slow matrix deposition is thought to occur in a unipolar
fashion during acellular intrinsic fiber cementum formation,
permitting the cementoblasts to escape entombment in the
matrix

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Cellular mixed fiber cementum (CMFC)

When root development is about two thirds completed and the
tooth is about to enter its functional stage, cementum formation
converts from a cellular extrinsic fiber cementum to a cellular
mixed stratified cementum (cellular intrinsic fiber cementum and A
cellular intrinsic fiber cementum)
The CIFC frequently appears as the first layer of CMSC, and it forms
first on newly produced dentin when the advancing root edge
reaches the apical region. CIFC, forms faster than AEFC, and its
formation, occur along a very short zone extending coronally from
the advancing root edge
The CIFC rapidly increases in thickness and cementoblasts may
become cementocytes .lodged in lacunae. AEFC may also be
formed on top of already laid CIFC/AIFC.

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Factors involved in cementogenesis

BMPs:- play a role in cementum formation as this has been

found selectively in root lining cells. BMP3 plays a role in
differentiation of follicle cells along cementoblast pathway.

Cbf1 :- be involved in cementoblast differentiation

EGF :- control cell differentiation by down regulates signal

transduction from ligands such as TGF.

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 Prostaglandin E(2) and F(2) alpha:- enhance differentiation of

cementoblasts
CAP (Cementum attachment protein):- helps in the attachment of
selected cells to the newly forming tissue. It is located in the matrix of
mature cementum and in cementoblasts.
Osteopontin and Bone sialoprotein (BSP):- are expressed by cells along
root surface, the cementoblasts during early stages of root development.
They contain cell adhesion molecule RGD and promote adhesion of selected
cells onto newly forming root.
Laminin:- has been identified on dentin surface at the initiation of
cementum formation. This may have a role in attracting cementoblast like
cells to the root.

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DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

It is a fibrous connective tissue produced mainly by
fibroblasts, with minor contributions from vascular and
neurologic components. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts have
their origins in the dental follicle and begin to differentiate
during root development (Tencate et al 1971)..
The development of the periodontal ligament of a tooth can
be divided into three stages

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1. Prior to eruption: Cementum formation leads to the appearance of periodontal

ligament fibroblasts, inserting collagen fibers knows as
Sharpey`s fibers into the cementum matrix

Fiber formation and deposition occur one by one from the newly
forming cemento enamel junction (CEJ) to the apex of the tooth
root

The first fibers to be deposited ultimately become the

dentogingival and transeptal fibers of the gingiva, and when
these fibers become deposited apical to the cement enamel
junction, they form the fibers of periodontal ligament

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By the time nearly one third of root formation is complete,

fibers get inserted within a cementum matrix from the cement
enamel junction and traverse in a coronal direction, following
the outline of the newly formed crown.
During these early stages, no insertion of collagen fibers in the
bone adjacent to the CEJ is noted
Fiber deposition and insertion continue along the developing
root surface parallel to the root surface

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Later fiber deposition and insertion occurs along the socket

wall opposite the developing root surface. These fibers
traverse the ligament space in a similar superior oblique
arrangement, emerging from bone to extend briefly toward
the tooth and to splay outward at their termination.
Bony fibers extended toward the root to obliterate the
intermediate zone and to join the lengthening cemental fibers
to achieve an apparent fiber continuity to form the
intermediate plexus

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Developmental aspects of PDL are same for all teeth. Little

differences do exist between successor teeth and permanent
molars. These differences are at the stage of alveolar bone
formation.

Primary teeth and perm molar emerges directly through

alveolar bone. For successor teeth, alveolar bone must be first
deposited in the crypt lining prior to development of PDL
fibers. Once alveolar bone is deposited, ligament formation
may proceed during pre-eruptive and eruptive phases

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II. During eruption:

The orientation of ligament fibers changes according to the
stages of eruption as the and its relationship with adjoining
teeth

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III. After eruption:

By the time the first occlusal contact of the tooth with its
antagonist occurs, the principal fibers around the coronal
third of the root, and the horizontal group are completely
developed

The oblique fibers still continue to form and the apical

maturation progresses as eruption continues and occlusion
is established

An "intermediate plexus which was apparent during the

development of principal fibers, could not be demonstrated
after full occlusal function was reached .

33

With occlusal function, the fiber bundles became thicker

and classically organized.

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Alveolar bone:-

The alveolar processes consist of the thin alveolar bone

proper that forms the alveolar wall of the tooth socket, the
inner and outer cortical plates, and spongy bone between
the alveolar bone proper the cortical plates.

At the late bell stage, bony septa and bony bridge start to
form, and separate the individual tooth germs from another.

The major changes in the alveolar processes begin to occur

with the development of the roots of teeth and during tooth
eruption.

35

Alveolar bone formed during root development and is

derived from osteoblasts originating from dental follicle.
The formation of the alveolar bone proper is closely related
to the formation of the periodontal ligament and cementum
during root formation and tooth eruption
Alveolar bone undergoes intramembranous calcification.

36

Primary teeth and permanent molar teeth that do not have

precursors develop alveolar bone around their roots during
development and subsequent eruption

But succedaneous teeth germs are located within the same

osseous cavity as their deciduous precursors

However as the deciduous teeth erupt, alveolar bone is

deposited around developing roots and serves to separate
erupting deciduous tooth from crown of the underlying
developing succedaneous tooth

37

During eruption of the succedaneous teeth, the walls of

bony crypt, the roots of superficial primary teeth are all
resorbed. When the Succedaneous teeth moves in to the
vacated area of primary tooth, only then new alveolar bone
is deposited around Succedaneous teeth

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Development of Gingival Tissues

The gingival tissues are composed of a superficial

epithelium of ectodermal origin and an underlying
connective tissue of mesodermal origin

Both of these tissues appear to have components that

derive from both the oral mucosa and from the developing
tooth germ.

39

junctional
epithelium

enamel organ

sulcular
epithelium

Oral epithelium

gingival
epithelium

Oral epithelium

connective
tissue

developing
dental follicle.

40

Development of junctional epithelium and

gingival sulcus:

Prior to eruption of the tooth, the enamel of the fully

formed crown is covered with a few layers of flattened
cuboidal cells (derived from ameloblasts and stratum
intermedium), called the reduced enamel epithelium.

41

As the tooth begins to erupt, the reduced enamel

epithelium covering the tip of the crown or cusp fuses with
the oral epithelium, and shortly afterward, degenerates to
result in the first exposure of the crown to the oral cavity

This epithelium extends a short way apically along the

crown surface and then merges into the reduced enamel
epithelium. As the tooth continues to erupt, the conversion
of the reduced enamel epithelium into junctional epithelium
continues

42

The conversion process involves the cells derived from both

the ameloblasts and the stratum intermedium.

Subsequently (postsecretory ameloblasts) will lose all

capacity to divide, and, thus, are eventually exfoliated at
the bottom of the developing gingival sulcus. The gingival
sulcus begins to form as the tooth erupts, and a separation
occurs between the attached epithelium and the tooth
surface.

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Simultaneously, the epithelial cells derived from the

stratum intermedium (which are adjacent to the basement
membrane) also begin to divide.

The future basal cells of the junctional epithelium arise

through the proliferative activity of these cells. The newly
formed daughter cells migrate coronally toward the base of
the gingival sulcus where they are eventually exfoliated,
and thus allow the junctional epithelium to maintain its
structure via a constant renewal process.

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Epithelial-mesenchymal tissue interactions

during development

During embryonic development an intricate and functional

relationship exists between epithelial and mesenchymal
tissues.
The early studies of Spemann in 1938.

This interaction was called secondary embryonic induction.

Signaling operates from earliest induction of odontogenesis.

45

Messages flow freely in both directions.

Depending on stage of development, epithelial tissue may

govern one phase of mesenchymal development followed by
mesenchymal tissue influencing epithelial activity.

46

Genetic features:

In each stage of organogenesis several molecular signals are

produced via gene expression.
Earliest of these signaling mechanisms are transcription
factors.
These are nuclear proteins that bind to DNA and control
expression of genes.
These include homeobox (Hox) a 180 bp sequence
paired boxes
zinc finger encoding motifs.

47

The homeobox genes appear to have role in regulation of

positional information.
( spatial location of future tooth germs.)

Thus during development, each of the branchial arches

expresses unique combination of Hox genes.

48

It is also known that the rhombomeres express homeobox

genes in various combinations that are maintained and
carried by the neural crest cells as they migrate to initiate
further downstream patterning

Other transcription factors such as Dlx-1, Dlx-2 has been

noted in in areas of epithelial thickening where tooth
development is presumed to occur.

49

Molecular features:

Following gene expression, cell differentiation and organ

development is controlled by locally secreted molecules.

Provide specific instructional signals to target cells.

Includes,
Growthfactors,
Cell surface glycoproteins,
Components of extracellular matrix

50

During odontogenesis, BMPS, TGF-, FGF, PDGF, EGF, &

GH, have been expressed.

TGF- is seen in epithelial thickening that dictates sites of

tooth development. And then expressed in mesenchymal
tissue.
Paracrine function.

51

BMPs are group of 20- 30 factors associated with epithelial

and mesenchymal signaling.

FGF-3 appears in mesenchyme at late bud stage and persists

through out bell stage.

FGF-4 is restricted to cells of epithelial origin.

A unifying series of events for GF expression and regulation

of tooth development has been proposed by Thesleft et al in
1995.

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53

Epethelial cells differentiate in to ameloblasts.

Mesenchymal cells differentiate in to odontoblasts.

Subsequent expression of dentin matrix and release of BMP2, BMP-4, & TGF- by odontoblasts leads to enamel
deposition.

54

BMP-2, BMP-4 are expressed very early during initiation of

tooth development in epithelium and subsequently in
mesenchyme.

Then mesenchyme expresses both TGF- & FGF s which in

turn leads to expression of TGF-, FGF & BMP-2 by epithelial
cells of developing tooth germ.

Expression of GF alternates between epithelium and

mesenchymal tissues in a step wise manner.

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Role of extracellular matrix:-

Thesleff et al in 1991 studied Includes type III collagen,

fibronectin, and tenascin.

Tenascin interacts with cell surface & matrix molecules of

condensing mesenchyme of dental papilla at the bud stage.

During cap stage there is specific little deposition of matrix

specific molecules.

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In bell stage, both tenascin & fibronectin accumulate in

basement membrane and involved in odontoblastic
differentiation.
Proteoglycans,
phosphoproteins,

-carboxyglutamate
containing proteins
other acidic
noncollagenous proteins

Matrix deposition

Tissue development

57

conclusion

Tooth development is a very complex yet well defined

series of events driven by molecular processes .

Knowledge about the development of these tissues is

important since it will help us understand better the
mechanisms required for inducing repair and regeneration
of damaged tissues.

58

references

DEVELOPMENT AND GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PERIODONTIUM

PERIODONTOLOGY 2000 2000;24:9-27

THE PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT: A UNIQUE MULTIFUNCTIONAL

CONNECTIVE TISSUE. PERIODONTOLOGY 2000 1997;13:20-40

BIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES- BARTOLD &

SAMPATHNARAYANAN.

CARRANZAS CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY-10TH EDITION

ORBANS ORAL HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 13TH

EDITION

ORAL HISTOLOGY - A.R. TENCATE 6TH EDITION

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