SPM SCIENCE
-MOCK TEACHING-
Presented by:
Zaiahsheila Sidik
CARBON COMPOUNDS
VARIOUS CARBON
COMPOUND
What is Carbon compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
Other elements hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen & other metallic elements.
Type of Carbon Compound
Organic
Inorganic
Differences
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Derived from animals / plants
-Not derived from living
organisms
-Sources Earth & Minerals
E.g.
-Petrol, Natural Gas, Kerosene,
Sugar, Fat, Starch, Alcohol,
Vinegar, Amino Acids, Proteins
and Hormones
E.g.
-Carbon dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide, Carbonates and
Mineral Salts
Properties of organic compounds
-Contain carbon & other
elements (oxygen, hydrogen and
nitrogen)
-Insoluble in inorganic solvents
(water, acids and alkalis)
-Dissolve in organic solvents
(ether, petrol, chloroform and
alcohol)
Properties of inorganic
compounds
-Contain small number of carbon
elements
-Insoluble in organic solvents
(ether, cooking oil, alcohol and
petrol)
Dissolve in inorganic solvents
(water, acids and alkalis)
Hydrocarbons
Compound which contain carbon and
hydrogen only
Main source petroleum
Types of hydrocarbon
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes)
E.g. methane, propane, ethane &
propene
Different hydrocarbon different ratio of
hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms
Natural Source of
Hydrocarbons
1. Coal
Formed from the remains of plants died
million years ago
Used for;
Producing electricity (burns)
Reducing agent in furnace for extraction of
iron and tin from their ores
Natural Source of
Hydrocarbons
2. Petroleum
Formed from plants and animals that
died millions of years ago undergo
decay and decomposition
Complex mixtures separated from
each other for use
Fractional Distillation
Different hydrocarbons in petroleum can
be separated by this process
Components of petroleum are hydrocarbons
have different boiling points
(Fractional Distillation of Petroleum)
Hydrocarbons are different in molecular size,
attractive force & atomic arrangement
Fractions with higher boiling points
Have darker colour
More viscous
Burn less easily & produce more soot
Uses of different fractions of
petroleum
Fractions
Uses
Petroleum gas
Cooking gas & making chemical
substances / plastic
Petrol
Fuel of vehicles
Naphtha
Source of chemical substances & solvents
Kerosene
Fuel for aeroplanes
Diesel
Fuel for lorries, ships, trains & buses
Lubricant
Lubricating machines
Fuel oil
Fuel for ships & power stations
Bitumen
Road construction
ALCOHOLS
Class of carbon compounds
Consist of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
General Formula:
CnH2n+1OH, n = 1,
2,....
Alcohol molecules contain OH
group / names end with nol
ALCOHOLS
Examples of alcohols
Number
of carbon
atoms
Name of
alcohol
Molecular
Formula
Boiling
Point (C)
Methanol
CH3OH
64
Ethanol
C2H5OH
78
Propanol
C3H7OH
98
Butanol
C4H9OH
117
Preparing Ethanol in the Lab
FERMENTATION
Action of yeast on glucose (ethanol &
carbon dioxide)
Based on experiment limewater turns
cloudy
Fermentation of glucose
Using bicarbonate indicator it will
change to yellow (carbon dioxide
produce- acidic)
Preparing Ethanol in the Lab
PURIFICATION OF ETHANOL
Done by fractional distillation
Ethanol can be separated from water
because of different boiling points (78C)
Reach 78C ethanol change to vapour and
separated from water/ other impurities
Ethanol vapour passes through inner tube
condenses into liquid ethanol
Porcelain chips added into flask (avoid
bumping)
Thermometer bulb position same level as
condenser tube distillation takes place at the
correct temperature
General Characteristics of
Alcohol
Physical properties of alcohol
Colourless solution
Smell nice
Evaporates easily
Can dissolve in water and organic solvents
Neutral
Chemical properties
Burns in air produce carbon dioxide and
water
Burning of alcohol -> blue flame / no soot
Reacts with organic acids to form ester
Esters and Esterification
Ester organic compound (pleasant
and sweet smell)
Can be found in fruits (bananas,
apples & mangoes) also fats and oils.
Can be made combining organic
acid with an alcohol (esterification)
As a fuel
As an
alcoholic
drink
As a
solvent
Uses
of
alcoh
ol
Making
chemicals
For making
ester
For making
medicines
As a
thermomet
ric liquid
Nervous
system
affected
stimuli very
slow
Blood vessels
expend
Excessive
intake
damages
stomach,
liver, kidneys
& hearts
cirrhosis and
cancer
Effects
of
alcoho
l
Affects
person
thinking and
judgement
Function of
cerebellum
affected unable to
stand / walk
properly
FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
HEALTH
Fat
Organic compounds
Contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
Can be found in the form solid & liquid
(produce from combination of fatty acid
& glycerol)
Types of fats
Saturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated fats can converted to
saturated fats through hydrogenation
Comparison types of fat
Criteria
Saturated
Unsaturated
Composition
Saturated fatty acid
Each carbon atom in
the fatty acid chain is
bonded by single
bonds to hydrogen
atoms/ other carbon
atoms
Unsaturated fatty
acid
Two/ three carbon
atoms in the fatty
acid chain
attached to
double bond
Sources
Animals
Plants
Melting point
Higher
Lower
Cholesterol
level
More cholesterol
Less cholesterol
State at room
temperature
solid
Liquid
e.g.
Palmitic acid
Oleic acid
Effects of Saturated Fats and
Unsaturated Fats on our health
Excessive consumption of fatty food
cause a person become fat and
obese
Saturated fat increase cholesterol
level in the blood vessels
The appearance of normal blood vessel a
nd blocked blood vessel
Unsaturated fat is safe to eat Composition of cholesterol in
unsaturated fats is low
Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages of fats
Disadvantages of fats
Can lubricate the blood vessels
Can accumulate in the blood
vessels blocked blood vessels
Synthesize hormones
Causing ;
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Heart attack
Stroke (Rapture of blood
vessels in the brain)
Helps in digestion of food
PALM OIL AND ITS IMPORTANT TO
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Structure of the Oil Palm Fruit
Consist of 3 components
Husk (mesocarp)
Shell (endocarp)
Kernel
90% - derived from husk the rest from
kernel
Obtained by the extraction of oil from
the oil palm fruit
Extraction of Palm Oil
Oil palm fruit sent immediately
after harvest to the factory *Palm Oil
Sterilization to
Purification
(Add
info)
kill fungi &
piped out to be
bacteria /steam
can soften the
bunch of oil palm
fruit
Impure palm oil
Separator fruit
separated from
the bunch
Filtration raw
palm oil filtered
remove fibers and
other solids
Digestion fruit
crushed in
digesting
machine oil
produce
Extraction of
palm oil using
hydraulic
compressor
purified/ steam
passed into the
oil to remove
acids
PURE PALM OIL
The Uses of Palm Oil
The Importance of the Palm Oil Industry
in the Development of Our Nation
Malaysia Main exporter of palm oil
in the world
Palm oil main source of income for
Malaysia
Provide many employment
opportunities (estates, factories,
processing palm oil products)
Add Data
Palm Oil Research Activities
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) government
agency set up to increase quality of palm oil &
diversify the uses of palm oil
Palm Oil Registration and Licensing Authority
(PORLA) is set up to control, monitor and
develop activities relating to palm oil
Research by MPOB and local universities
succeeded in producing biodiesel from palm oil
([Link]
Palm oil good potential
Production cost is low compared to oil from corn/
soya
Nutritious
Next Week Class!
Soap and its cleansing action
Natural Polymers
A few theoretical experiment for the
whole topics
Extra homework
Please prepare theoretical
experiment on how to prepare soap
by the reaction of palm oil with
sodium hydroxide
Discussion will be conducted in class
next week.
Thank you for your
attention!