Data Link Issues
Relates to Lab 2.
This module covers data link layer issues, such as local area networks
(LANs) and point-to-point links, Ethernet, and the Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP).
TCP/IP Suite and OSI Reference Model
The TCP/IP protocol stack does not
define the lower layers of a complete
protocol stack
In this lecture, we will address how
the TCP/IP protocol stacks
interfaces with the data link layer
and the MAC sublayer
Application
Layer
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
(Data) Link
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
(Data) Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
TCP/IP Suite
OSI
Reference
Model
Data Link Layer
The main tasks of the data link layer are:
Transfer data from the network layer of one machine to
the network layer of another machine
Convert the raw bit stream of the physical layer into
groups of bits (frames)
Network
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Physical
Layer
Types of Networks
There are two types of communication networks:
Broadcast Networks: All stations share a single
communication channel
Point-to-Point Networks: Pairs of hosts (or routers) are
directly connected
Broadcast Network
Point-to-Point Network
Typically, local area networks (LANs) are broadcast and wide area
networks (WANs) are point-to-point
Local Area Network
Local area networks (LANs) typically connect computers
within a building or a campus
Almost all LANs are broadcast networks
Typical topologies of LANs are bus or ring or star
We will work with Ethernet LANs. Ethernet has a bus ir star
topology.
Bus LAN
Ring LAN
MAC and LLC
Data Link
Layer
In any broadcast network, the stations must ensure that only
one station transmits at a time on the shared communication
channel
The protocol that determines who can transmit on a broadcast
channel are called Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
The MAC protocol are implemented
to Network Layer
in the MAC sublayer which is the
Logical Link
lower sublayer of the data link layer
Control
The higher portion of the data link
Medium Access
Control
layer is often called Logical Link
Control (LLC)
to Physical Layer
IEEE 802 Standards
IEEE 802 is a family of standards for LANs, which defines
an LLC and several MAC sublayers
IEEE 802 standard
IEEE
Reference
Model
802.1
Logical Link
Control
802.2
802.6
802.5
802.4
802.3
Medium
Access
Control
Physical
Layer
Higher
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Ethernet
Speed:
Standard:
10-1000 Mbps
802.3, Ethernet II (DIX)
Most popular physical layers for Ethernet:
10Base-T
10Base2
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
1000Base-FX
10 Mbps Twisted Pair
Thin Ethernet: 10 Mbps thin coax cable
100 Mbps over Category 5 twisted pair
100 Mbps over Fiber Optics
1Gbps over Fiber Optics
Bus Topology
10Base5 and 10Base2 Ethernets have a bus topology
Star Topology
With 10Base-T, stations are connected to a hub in a star
configuration
Hub
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Ethernet Hubs vs. Ethernet Switches
An Ethernet switch is a packet switch for Ethernet frames
Buffering of frames prevents collisions.
Each port is isolated and builds its own collision domain
An Ethernet Hub does not perform buffering:
Collisions occur if two frames arrive at the same time.
Hub
Switch
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
HighSpeed
Backplane
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
Input
Buffers
Output
Buffers
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Ethernet and IEEE 802.3: Any Difference?
On a conceptual level, they are identical. But there are subtle
differences that are relevant if we deal with TCP/IP.
Ethernet (Ethernet II, DIX)
An industry standards from 1982 that is based on the first
implementation of CSMA/CD by Xerox.
Predominant version of CSMA/CD in the US.
802.3:
IEEEs version of CSMA/CD from 1985.
Interoperates with 802.2 (LLC) as higher layer.
Difference for our purposes: Ethernet and 802.3 use different
methods to encapsulate an IP datagram.
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Ethernet II, DIX Encapsulation (RFC 894)
802.3 MAC
destination
address
source
address
type
data
CRC
46-1500
0800
IP datagram
38-1492
0806
ARP request/reply
28
0835
RARP request/reply
28
PAD
10
PAD
10
13
IEEE 802.2/802.3 Encapsulation (RFC 1042)
802.3 MAC
802.2 LLC
802.2 SNAP
destination
address
source
address
length
DSAP
AA
SSAP
AA
cntl
03
org code
0
type
data
CRC
38-1492
0800
IP datagram
38-1492
0806
ARP request/reply
PAD
28
10
0835
RARP request/reply
PAD
28
- destination address, source address:
MAC addresses are 48 bit
- lengt h : frame length in number of bytes
- DSAP, SSAP
: always set to
- Ctrl:
s et t o 3
- org code:
set to 0
- type field
identifies the content of the
data field
- CRC:
cylic redundancy check
0xaa
10
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PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
The PPP protocol is a data link
protocol for transmission on a
serial link
Use of PPP today:
Dial-in or DSL access to Internet
Routers connected by point-topoint links
Main purpose of PPP is
encapsulation of IP datagrams
PPP was proposed in 1992; a
predecessor of PPP was the Serial
Link IP (SLIP) protocol
Access
Router
Modems
Dial-Up Access
Router
Router
Router
Router
Point-to-Point Network
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PPP - IP encapsulation
The frame format of PPP is similar to HDLC and the 802.2
LLC frame format:
flag
addr
ctrl
7E
FF
03
protocol
data
CRC
flag
7E
<= 1500
0021
IP datagram
C021
link control data
8021
network control data
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PPP
Other than a framing method PPP provides:
The link control protocol (LCP) which is responsible for
establishing, configuring, and negotiating a data-link
connection
LCP is specified in RFC 1331.
For each network layer protocol supported by PPP, there is
one network control protocol (NCP)
The NCP for IP is specified in RFC 1332
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