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Understanding Thermodynamic Processes

Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

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30 views5 pages

Understanding Thermodynamic Processes

Thermodynamic processes involve a change in state of a system through heat or work interactions with the surroundings. A thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a sequence of processes. Some examples of processes are isothermal (constant temperature), isobaric (constant pressure), isentropic (constant entropy), constant volume, and adiabatic (no heat transfer). The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be expressed mathematically for various thermodynamic processes involving ideal gases, including isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic, and polytropic processes.

Uploaded by

Karthick Ram
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Thermodynamic Processes

States of a thermodynamic system can be changed by


interacting with its surrounding through work and heat. When
this change occurs in a system, it is said that the system is
undergoing a process.

A thermodynamic cycle is a sequence of different processes that
begins and ends at the same thermodynamic state.

Some sample processes:
Isothermal process: temperature is constant T=C
Isobaric process: pressure is constant, P=C
Isentropic process: entropy is constant, s=C
Constant-volume process, v=C
Adiabatic process: no heat transfer, Q=0

Process-1
Use ideal gas assumption (closed system):
2
1
2 1
1 2
Isothermal process: T=constant
Energy balance U=Q-W, for ideal gas U= H=0
since both are functions of temperature only
Q=W, W= P
ln ln
Isobaric process:
mRT dV
dV dV mRT
V V
V P
mRT mRT
V P
A A A
= =
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
} } }

2
2 1
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
P=constant
U=Q-W, W= PdV=P dV=P(V )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
V
Q U P V V U U P V V
U PV U PV H H H
A
= A + = +
= + + = = A
} }
Process-2
v
v
Constant volume process: V=constant
Q-W= U, W= 0, no work done
Q= U=m u=m c
Adiabatic process: Q=0
Q-W= U, -W= U
- W=dU (infinitesimal increment of work and energy)
dU+PdV=0, mc 0

v
PdV
dT
mRT
dT dV
V
c
o
A =
A A
A A
| |
+ =
|
\ .

}
}

v
2 2 2 1 1
1 1 1 2 2
1
0, , integrate and assume
c =constant
ln ln ,
v
v
v
R
k
c
c RT dT dV
dT dV
V R T V
c T V T V V
R T V T V V

| |
+ = =
|
\ .
| | | | | | | |
= = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
Process-3
2 1
1 2
1 1 2
2 2 1
2 1 2 2
1 2 1 1
2 2 2 1
1 1 1
( 1)
1
1
1
, from ideal gas relation
PV=RT, , substitute
, multiply from both sides
,
k
k
k
k
k
T V
T V
V T P
V T P
T T P T
T T P T
T P P V
T P P
and


| |
=
|
\ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| || | | |
=
|
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
\ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ . 2
1 1 2 2
k
Also and tan
For an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic process
k
k
k
V
PV PV pV cons t
| |
|
\ .
= =
Process-4
Polytropic Process: its P-V relation can be expressed as
PV
n
= constant, where n is a constant for a specific process
Isothermal, T=constant, if the gas is an ideal gas then
PV=RT=constant, n=1
Isobaric, P=constant, n=0 (for all substances)
Constant-volume, V=constant, V=constant(P)
(1/n)
, n=
(for all substances)
Adiabatic process, n=k for an ideal gas
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
1 1 2 2 1 1
1 1 2 1
1
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
n n n
n n
n
n n n n
PV PV PV
W PdV PV V dV
PV PV PV
PV V dV V V
n n


= =
= =

= = =

} }
}

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