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Membrane Structure and Transport Mechanisms

Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics composed of lipids and proteins that selectively control the passage of substances into and out of cells. Membranes use passive transport like diffusion and osmosis to move molecules along concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport employs protein channels and pumps that use cellular energy to transport molecules against gradients or perform specialized functions. Membranes also rely on bulk transport through exocytosis and endocytosis to import and export larger molecules and particles that cannot pass through the membrane directly. Together, these transport mechanisms maintain cellular homeostasis and allow for the import of nutrients and export of wastes and byproducts.

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17 views30 pages

Membrane Structure and Transport Mechanisms

Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics composed of lipids and proteins that selectively control the passage of substances into and out of cells. Membranes use passive transport like diffusion and osmosis to move molecules along concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport employs protein channels and pumps that use cellular energy to transport molecules against gradients or perform specialized functions. Membranes also rely on bulk transport through exocytosis and endocytosis to import and export larger molecules and particles that cannot pass through the membrane directly. Together, these transport mechanisms maintain cellular homeostasis and allow for the import of nutrients and export of wastes and byproducts.

Uploaded by

Danielle Dalia
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Membrane Structure and Function

Chapter 7
Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids
and proteins

Membranes are selectively permeable

Passive transport

Active transport

Bulk transport
The existence of a cell is dependant on importation and exportation of materials

Import

Water

Energy sources

Ions

Building blocks

Export

Water

Products for other cells

Waste

Ions


The plasma membrane

Boundary that separates an
organism from its surroundings

Selective permeability

Allows some substances to cross it
more easily than others

Cellular membranes are fluid
mosaics of lipids and proteins

Phospholipids

Most abundant lipid in the
plasma membrane

Amphipathic

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Fluidity of membranes
Cholesterol
Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Permeability of phospholipid bilayer

C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
4
O
2
H
2
O
Na
+
Determine which molecules
would easily pass through a
phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophobic (non polar), cross easily

O
2
, gases

Small hydrocarbons


Hydrophilic (polar), cross slowly or not at all

Sugars (glucose)

H
2
O

Ions
C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
4
O
2
H
2
O
Na
+
How do membranes keep up with cellular needs?

Transport proteins

Channel proteins

Aquaporins

Carrier proteins


[Link]
Membrane proteins
Integral proteins
Peripheral
Domains
Extra cellular
Transmembrane
Cytoplasmic
Types of membrane proteins
Passive transport protein / facilitated diffusion
Active transport protein
[Link]
Enzyme
Signal Transduction
Cytoskeleton anchor proteins
Extracellular matrix
Cell to cell recognition
Cell to cell connection
Role of membrane carbohydrates in cell to cell
recognition

Glycolipids

Glycoproteins
Where do membrane
components come
from?

Membrane synthesis
ER, Golgi
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secretory
protein
Glycolipid
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Transmembrane
glycoprotein
Membrane glycolipid
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Extracellular face
Secreted
protein
4
1
2
3
Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no
energy investment

Diffusion

Concentration gradient

Equilibrium













with
Osmosis

Aquaporins













[Link]
Water balance of cells without cell walls

Cell in an isotonic solution





Cell in a hypertonic solution





Cell in a hypotonic solution
Osmoregulation


Paramecium contractile vacuole







[Link]
Cell walls help maintain water balance in plant
cells

Plant cells are turgid in a hypotonic
environment


Plant cells are flaccid in an isotonic or
hypertonic environment


Plant cells are plasmolyzed in a hypertonic
environment



Cellular osmosis occurs through aquaporins and the
phospholipid bilayer

How do other substances passively diffuse through the
membrane?

Facilitated diffusion

i.e. Ion channels

There is a cell in each of these beakers, draw an
arrow to determine the direction that water will
move and identify the solutions, that the cells are
bathed in, as either hypertonic or hypotonic.
Cells require materials internally in much greater concentration
than they exist in their surrounding environment

How do cells move substances in the opposite direction of
where the substances would normally want to go?

Active transport employs proteins that use energy to move
solutes against the gradient





against
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine diphospate (ADP)
Cells spend energy to maintain a specific environment

Membrane potential

Electrogenic pump

Proton pump

Electrochemical gradient

Cellular potential energy

Uses

Enhanced permeability

ATP production

Action potential (neurons)
Make a series of drawings that
exemplify each of the following three
concepts: diffusion, osmosis, and active
transport.
Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis
and endocytosis

Some materials are too large to be imported or exported
through a protein

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic acid

Organism

Component produced by another cell

Exocytosis

[Link]
Endocytosis

Pinocytosis


Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis

Cholesterol

Ligand

High density lipoproteins

Low density lipoproteins

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