Smart Home Technologies

Networking

Networking for Smart
Homes

Requirements

Network Topologies

Technologies

Networking

Service Discovery

Requirements

Noise Rejection

Network has to allow for reliable communication

Requires preservation of data and synchroniation of

data lines

!andwidth

Smart Homes can contain many sensors and actuators

Sensor data can be generated at di"erent rates

#onnectivity

Sensors have to be connected to processing units

$ntegration

Network structures have to be integrated into buildings

%rivacy and Security

Smart Home networks will transfer private and

sensitive data

!andwidth Requirements
&'ample

#amera ()*+ , -./'.0/1 23bit color

4otion ()*+ , distance1 direction1 velocity

Temperature ().+

Humidity ().+

5ight ().+ , frequency1 intensity

4icrophone ().+ , 2/// H

6as (0+

%ressure ()//+

!andwidth Requirements
Sensor Number !its7sec ()+ !its7sec (total+
#amera
(-./'.0/+ 23bit
color
)* )201-./ .189012//
4otion
(dir7dis7vel+
)* 02 8./
Temperature ). )9 ):.
Humidity ). )9 ):.
5ight (inten7freq+ ). -. -20
4icrophone
(2;H+
). 901/// 8921///
6as 0 )9 90
%ressure )// )9 )9//
Total )2. .021090 -1*-*1:*.

<ther !andwidth
Requirements

=udio

%hones ()9 kH1 2 bit+

Radios (00 kH1 )9 bit+

T>s (00 kH1 )9 bit+

4edia players (00 kH1

)9 bit+

4onitoring ()9 kH1 2

bit+

.?0 4bits7sec (one

each+

$nternet1 control1 @

>ideo

%hones (-/fps1
-./'.0/1 23bit color+

T>s (9/ fps1 )/.0'8921

.03bit color+

>ideo players (9/ fps1

)/.0'8921 .03bit color+

4onitoring (-/ fps1

-./'.0/1 23bit color+

A9?: 6bits7sec (one

each+

<ther !andwidth
Requirements

<ther Network
Requirements

Borst3case throughputC )/
6bits7sec

4a'imum throughputC * 6bits7sec

Duality of Service (DoS+

=udio1 video

%lug and play (service discovery+

Network Topologies

$nfrastructure3!ased Networks

%re3deEned routes through the network

Nodes can directly address each other and routers

forward packets appropriately

=ddition of nodes changes the routing pattern

%oint3To3%oint Networks

&very node has a connection to every other node

#ommunication is directly between the nodes

High overhead setting up the connections for new nodes

=d3Hoc Networks

Routes are determined Fon the GyH and can change

Nodes forward signals for other nodes

=ddition of nodes can be handled relatively

straightforwardly

Topologies (%oint3to3%oint+

&very device is connected to

every other device

6ood points

simplest approach

no addressing needed

everyone is your neighbor

you can always talk to your neighbor

!ad points

number of ports7lines grow relatively

quickly with the number of devices
= !
# D

Topologies (Hierarchy+

Devices are connected via hubs to

other devices

$f everyone is connected to a single hub1 it

is called a Star topology

6ood points

fewer connections

devices can have neighborhoods

!ad points

you need an address

you may have to wait to talk to a neighbor

asymmetric communication with some

devices
=
!
#
D

Topologies (!roadcast+

=ll of the devices are connected to a

single wire

6ood points

single wire

everyone is your neighbor

!ad points

you need an address

you may have to wait to talk to anyone

collisions can occur

communication times become statistical

=
!
#
D

%hysical =ddresses

$f more than two devices are on the same wire

(bus+1 you will need an address to send and
receive data

=pproaches

separate vs? combined data7address lines

hardwired vs? selectable address

$ssues

as the number of devices increase1 the address

space (sie of the address+ must increase

hardwired addresses may tell you nothing about the

network topology

addresses will be used up by devices that might not

be on3line

so your address space may be too big1 causing too

much overhead
=
!
#
D
///)
)))
)
)///
))//

>irtual =ddresses

= solution to some physical address

problems is a virtual address

the address space (sie of the address+ can be

reduced by only giving addresses to on3line
devices

addresses can be set up to support network

topology

=pproaches

E'ed vs? run3time addresses

universal vs? p3to3p addresses

$ssues

how to assign them

their relationship to the physical address

=
!
#
D
//
/
)
)/
))

Network Technologies

Bired

%hone 5ine

%ower 5ine

New Bire

Bireless

RI

$nfrared

Bired Network Technology
&'amples

%hone line

Home %honeline Networking =lliance (Home%N=+

%ower line

J)/

#onsumer &lectronics !us (#&!us+

Home%lug

5onBorks

New wire

&thernet (coa'1 twisted pair1 optical Eber+

Kniversal Serial !us (KS!+

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire

Home =udio >ideo $nteroperability (H=>i+

SpecialtyC audio1 video

%honeline Networking

Home %honeline Networking =lliance

(Home%N=+

www?homepna?org

$&&& 2/.?- (&thernet+

#arrier Sense 4ultiple =ccess with #ollision

Detect (#S4=7#D+

)/ 4bps (H%N= .?/+

5engthC *// feet

Home%N= %acket

Home%N= Irequencies

Standard voice (%<TS+C ./H 3 -?0kH

K=DS5C .*kH 3 )?)4H

Home networkC *?*4H 3 :?*4H

%honeline Network $ssues

Random wiring topologies L signal

attenuation

Home phoneline wiring system is a random

FtreeH topology

Simply plugging in the phone or disconnecting

the fa' changes the tree

This topology can cause signal attenuation

Signal noise

=ppliances1 heaters1 air conditioners1

consumer appliances L telephones can
introduce signal noise onto the phone wires

%owerline Networking

Kbiquity of power lines

)/M 4bps

Technologies

J)/

#onsumer &lectronics !us (#&!us+

Home%lug

5onBorks

J)/

J)/ controllers send signals over

e'isting =# wiring to receiver
modules

J)/ technology transmits binary

data using the =mplitude
4odulation (=4+ technique

www?')/?com

J)/

To di"erentiate the data symbols1 the

carrier uses the ero3voltage crossing
point of the 9/H =# sine wave on the
cycleNs positive or negative transition

Synchronied receivers accept the

carrier at each ero3crossing point

J)/ uses two ero crossings to

transmit a binary digit so as to reduce
errors

J)/

&very bit requires a full 9/ Hert cycle and

thus the J)/ transmission rate is limited
to only 9/ bps

Ksually a complete J)/ command

consists of two packets with a - cycle gap
between each packet

&ach packet contains two identical messages

of )) bits (or )) cycles+ each

= complete J3)/ command consumes 08

cycles that yields a transmission time of about
/?2s

#onsumer &lectronics !us
(#&!us+

<pen standard providing separate physical

layer speciEcation for communication on
power lines and other media

&lectronic $ndustries =ssociation (&$=39//+

www?cebus?org

Data packets are transmitted by the

transceiver at about )/ ;bps

#arrier Sense 4ultiple =ccess7#ollision Detect

(#S4=7#D+

&mploying spread spectrum technology

()//H30// H+

<S$ and #&!us (&$=39//+

Spread Spectrum
4odulation

Irequency spectrum of a data3signal is

spread using a code uncorrelated with
that signal

SacriEces bandwidth to gain signal3to3

noise performance

Home%lug

Home%lug %owerline =lliance

www?homeplug?org

Spread3spectrum technology

Home%lug

Speed

Support Ele transfers at )/!aseT3like rates

&ither node3to3node Ele transfer or scenarios

with multiple nodes performing simultaneous
Ele transfers

Home%lug )?/ ()0 4bps+

>oice over $% (>o$%+

4aintain adequate DoS while supporting

multiple1 simultaneous >o$% calls while other
nodes are transferring Eles and during
multiple media streams

Home%lug

$nteroperability

$nteroperate with other networking technologies

#o3e'ist with e'isting powerline networking

technologies such as J3)/1 #&!us and 5onBorks

Security

#ontain strong privacy features

Support multiple logical networks on a single

physical medium

!e applicable to markets in North =merica1

&urope and =sia

5onBorks

5ocal <peration Networks (5onBorks+

Developed by &chelon #orporation

www?echelon?com

%rovides a peer3to3peer communication

protocol1 implementing #arrier Sense
4ultiple =ccess (#S4=+ techniques

)?.* 4bps

Borks for other wired and wireless media

5onBorks

= common message3based
communications protocol

5onTalk protocol implements all

seven layers of the <S$ model using
a mi'ture of hardware and Ermware
on a silicon chip

%rotocol can be run as fast as ./

4H

%owerline Network $ssues

Noise

Switching power supplies

Bound motors

>acuum cleaners1 kitchen appliances1

drills

Dimmers

Security

Signal attenuation

New Bire Networking

&thernet (coa'1 twisted pair1 optical

Eber+

Kniversal Serial !us (KS!+

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire

Home =udio >ideo $nteroperability (H=>i+

SpecialtyC audio1 video

&thernet

$&&& 2/.?-

#S4=7#D

Kp to ) 6bps

$&&& 2/.?-ae

)/6!ase3J1 )/ 6ps

5engths up to 0/ km

www?ethermanage?com7ethernet

$&&& 2/.?-

Kniversal Serial !us (KS!+

www?usb?org

02/ 4bps

%lug and %lay

Hot pluggable

Kp to ).8 devices simultaneously

%owered bus

*m ma'imum cable length

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire (i?5$N;+

Digital interface

No need to convert digital data into

analog and tolerate a loss of data
integrity

Transferring data O )//1 .//1 0// 4bps

%hysically small

The thin serial cable can replace larger

and more e'pensive interfaces

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire

No need for terminators or device

$Ds

Hot pluggable

Ksers can add or remove )-:0

devices with the bus active

Scaleable architecture

4ay mi' )//1 .//1 and 0// 4bps

devices on a bus

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire

$t can connect up to 9- devices O

transfer rate of 0//4bps

Kp to )9 nodes can be daisy3

chained through the connectors

Standard cables up to 0?* m in length

for a total standard cable length of 8.
m

$&&& )-:0 Iirewire

Ile'ible topology

Support of daisy chaining and

branching for true peer3to3peer
communication

Non3proprietary

$&&& )-:0b

)-:0b is a signiEcant enhancement to

the basic )-:0 speciEcation that enablesC

Speed increases to -?. 6bps

Distances of )// meters on KT%3*1 plastic

optical Eber and glass optical Eber

SigniEcantly reduces latency times by using

arbitration

Iully backwards compatible with the

current )-:0 and )-:0a speciEcations

$
.
# ($nter3$ntegrated #ircuit+

<ne of the oldest controller buses

%hilips ():2/s+

5ow3cost chip3to3chip communication link

uses two wires to form a clocked serial bus

one called #lock (S#5+ and the other Data (SD=+

the SD= carries address1 selection1 control1

and data

<verview

multi3master bus (up to )/.0 devices+

can run at speed up to -?0 4bps

can be used as a S=N

but normal ranges are on the order of )0 cm

Home =udio >ideo
$nteroperability (H=>i+

H=>i is a digital =udio >ideo

networking initiative that provides a
home networking software
speciEcation

Seamless interoperability among home

entertainment products

Designed to meet the particular

demands of digital audio and video

www?havi?org

H=>i

DeEnes operating3system3neutral
middleware that managesC

4ulti3directional => streams

&vent schedule

Registries

Takes advantage of chips built into modern

audio and video appliances

%rovides the management function of a

dedicated audio3video networking system

$&&& )-:0 (i? 5$N; or IireBire+ has been

chosen as the interconnection medium

Specialty Biring

=udio

#oa'

R#=

Speaker wire

>ideo

#oa'

R#=

>6=

A)//m ma'imum cable lengths

=utomotive $nspired
!usses

5$N
(5ocal $nterconnect Network+

Designed for &uropean cars (still used+

>ery simple

single wire

single mastered bus

<verview

) master1 up to )9 Slaves

uses a message3based protocol

ma'imum distance of 0/ m

Two data rates

:19// and ):?. ;bps

#=N
(#ontroller =rea Network +

#=N was designed to support emission

control system in &uropean cars

but became a general automation control bus

#apable of

high3speed () 4bits7s+ data transmission over short

distances (0/ m+

low3speed (* kbits7s+ transmissions at lengths of up

to )/1/// m

<verview

a multi3master bus

highly fault tolerant

!uilt3in support for error detection and handling

4<ST
(4edia <riented System
Transport+

=n ine'pensive
automotive and
appliance network

.* 4bps Eber3
optic bus

for real3time data

transfer

used in surround3
sound systems
and #D and D>D
players

Ile'Ray

Designed to replace 5$N1 #=N and 4<ST

as a Pby wireN solution for future cars

$t is a Eber3optic bus (like 4<ST+

#urrent speed

)/ 4bps

!ut it is designed to go much higher

could run faster than )// 4bps

!ut remember

that is faster than most current micro3

controllerNs internal bus speed

Bireless Network
Technologies

Digital &nhanced #ordless

Telecommunications (D&#T+

HomeRI

!luetooth

$&&& 2/.?))

Hiper5=N.

$nfrared

6eneral Bireless

Narrow band

Spread spectrum

Direct Sequence (DSSS+

Irequency Hopping (IHSS+

<rthogonal Irequency Division

4ultiple'ing (<ID4+

D&#T

Digital &nhanced #ordless

Telecommunications (D&#T+

www?dectweb?com

Digital radio technology

Dynamic channel selection

&ncryption1 authentication1 identiEcation

*// ;bps , . 4bps

#ordless phones

HomeRI

www?homerf?org

Shared Bireless =ccess %rotocol

(SB=%+

$&&& 2/.?)) for data

D&#T for voice

HomeRI

SpeciEcations

.?0 6H band

IHSS

)?9 4bps ()/ 4bps with SB=% .?/+

*/m range

).8 nodes

!luetooth

www?bluetooth?com

&ricsson1 the principal inventor1

borrowed the name from Harald
!luetooth (son of 6orm+

The ;ing of Denmark circa ://=D

Knited Denmark and Norway

!luetooth

SpeciEcations

.?0 6H

IHSS (8: channels+

)9// hops per second

&rror correction

) 4bps capacity1 82/ ;bps throughput

)/m distance

5ow power () mB+

!luetooth

%ersonal =rea Networks (%=Ns+

%iconet

#ollection of up to 2 devices using

same hopping sequence

Scatternet

#ollection of piconets1 each with

di"erent hopping sequence

$&&& 2/.?))
Standard Irequenc
y
%HQ
5ayer
Data
Rate
Distance
R
2/.?))a * 6H <ID4 *0 4bps */m
2/.?))b .?0 6H DSSS )) 4bps )//m
2/.?))e1
4=#
layer
<"ers DoS and backwards compatibility
(in committee+
2/.?))g .?0 6H <ID4 *0 4bps S
R Data rate degrades with distance?

Hiper5=N.

www?hiperlan.?com

* 6H

*0 4bps

<ID4

=utomatic frequency allocation

TD4=7TDD (Time Division+

DoS support

$nfrared

www?irda?org

Directed , line of sight

)m range

Di"use , reGective

5imited to room sie

Speed

0 4bps available

)9 4bps coming

*/ 4bps possible

Bireless Networking

Bireless $ssues

Distance

.?0 6H interference

4icrowave ovens

#ordless phones

Security

Not a backbone solution

Bireless %ersonal =rea
Networks (B%=N+

2/.?)*?J

$ntended for low cost1 low distance1 low

power personal networks

<ften intended for mesh networking

&?g? Tig!ee (build on 2/.?))?0+

=d3Hoc 4esh Networks

=d3Hoc networks of wireless sensors and

devices

!eneEtsC

&asy to build (require no infrastructure to be

available+

Dynamic and mobile

Iault tolerant (usually no single point of failure+

#hallengesC

#hoice of routing to optimie performance

DoS

%ower consumption

Synchroniation and collision avoidance

Service Discovery

Self3conEguring devices

Device becomes aware of network1

network services and other devices

=utomatic1 as opposed to manual

(e?g?1 DH#%1 DNS1 5D=%+

Several incompatible protocols

Service Discovery
%rotocols

Salutation

Service 5ocation %rotocol (S5%+

Uini

Kniversal %lug and %lay

Tero3#onEguration Networking

Salutation

www?salutation?org

=rchitecture for looking up1

discovering and accessing services
and information

Salutation

=bstractions for devices1 applications1

and services

#urrent deEnitions

%rinters

Ia' machines

Document storage devices

=ddress book

Schedule

>oice message answer1 send1 storage

4ore coming (e?g?1 display1 <S+

Salutation

#apabilities e'change protocol

Service request protocol

F%ersonalitiesH (standardied
protocols for common services+

=%$s for information access and

session management

Service 5ocation %rotocol
(S5%+

Developed by $nternet &ngineering

Task Iorce ($&TI+

=pplies e'isting $nternet standards

to service discovery problem

www?srvloc?org

www?openslp?org

S5% =gents

Kser =gent (K=+

The S5% Kser =gent is a software entity that is

looking for the location of one or more
services?

Service =gent (S=+

The S5% Service =gent is a software entity that

provides the location of one or more services?

Directory =gent(D=+

The S5% Directory =gent is a software entity

that acts as a centralied repository for service
location information?

S5% 4essages

Service Request (SrvRqst+

4essage sent by K=s to S=s and D=s

to request the location of a service?

Service Reply (SrvRply+

4essage sent by S=s and D=s in reply

to a SrvRqst? The SrvRply contains
the KR5 of the requested service?

S5% 4essages (cont?+

Service Registration (SrvReg+

4essage sent by S=s to D=s containing

information about a service that is available?

Service Deregister (SrvDeReg+

4essage sent by S=s to inform D=s that a

service is no longer available?

Service =cknowledge (Srv=ck+

= generic acknowledgment that is sent by D=s

to S=s as a reply to SrvReg and SrcDeReg
messages?

S5% 4essages (cont?+

=ttribute Request (=ttrRqst+

4essage sent by K=s to request the

attributes of a service?

=ttribute Reply (=ttrRply+

4essage sent by S=s and D=s in reply

to a =ttrRqst? The =ttrRply contains
the list of attributes that were
requested?

S5% 4essages (cont?+

Service Type Request (SrvTypeRqst+

4essage sent by K=s to S=s and D=s

requesting the types of services that
are available?

Service Type Reply (SrvTypeRply+

4essage by S=s and D=s in reply to a

SrvTypeRqst? The SrvTypeRply contains
a list of requested service types?

S5% 4essages (cont?+

D= =dvertisement (D==dvert+

4essage sent by D=s to let S=s and

K=s know where they are?

S= =dvertisement (S==dvert+

4essage sent by S=s to let K=s know

where they are?

Knicast or multicast messaging

Uini

Service discovery for networks of

Uava3enabled devices

www?sun?com7jini

www?jini?org

Uini

Uini

Services

5ookup

#ommunications

Uava3R4$1 #<R!=1 @

Security

5easing

&vents

Kniversal %lug and %lay

4icrosoftNs service discovery

approach

$%3based discovery protocols

J45

www?upnp?org

&'amples

Kniversal %lug and %lay

Devices

#ontainers for services

J45 description

Services

=ctions (i?e?1 methods+

#ontrol server

&vent server

State (i?e?1 variables+

J45 description

Kniversal %lug and %lay

#ontrol points

Retrieve the device description and get a list

of associated services?

Retrieve service descriptions for interesting

services?

$nvoke actions to control the service?

Subscribe to the serviceNs event source?

=nytime the state of the service changes1
the event server will send an event to the
control point?

K%n% %rotocols

%rotocols

KD%1 T#%7$%1 HTT%1 J45

Simple Service Discovery %rotocol

(SSD%+

6eneric &vent NotiEcation =rchitecture

(6&N=+

Send7receive event notiEcations using HTT%

over T#%7$% and multicast KD%

Simple <bject =ccess %rotocol (S<=%+

J45 and HTT% for remote procedure calls

K%n% %rotocol Stack
UPnP Vendor Defined
UPnP Forum Working Committee Defined
UPnP Device Architecture Defined
HTTPMU
(Discovery)
HTTPU
(Discovery)
!AP
(Contro")
HTTP
(Descri#tion)
UDP
TCP
DP $%&A DP
'P
HTTP
$%&A
(%vents)

Tero3#onEguration
Networking

Teroconf (www?eroconf?org+

$&TI standard

<bjectives

=llocate addresses without a DH#% server

Translate between names and $% addresses

without a DNS server

Iind services1 like printers1 without a directory

server

=llocate $% 4ulticast addresses without a

4=D#=% server

4ulticast =ddress Dynamic #lient =llocation %rotocol

Teroconf %rotocols

=ddress autoconEguration

#onEgure interfaces with unique

addresses

Determine which subnet mask to use

Detect duplicate address assignment

#ope with collisions

Name3to3address translation

4ulticast DNS

Decentralied

Teroconf %rotocols

Service discovery

Service 5ocation %rotocol (S5%+

DNS Service Resource Record

Kse e'panded DNS for service requests

4ulticast address allocation

Teroconf 4ulticast =ddress =llocation

%rotocol (T4==%+

=llocate unique addresses and maintain them

over time

%revent reallocation of assigned addresses

!e notiEed of multicast allocation collision