The Metal Nonmetal

Bond
Lewis Dot Structures
A famous chemist named Lewis invented a
symbol to show valence electrons. He used
a dot next to the symbol to represent each
valence electron. The dots are spread
around the 4 sides.
Each pair of dots
Represents a bond.

When a metal and nonmetal come
together, a pair of electrons acts as a
bond. They each become ions.

The Rules:
Metal first, nonmetal second
Nonmetal ion becomes ide
Metal is positive, nonmetal is
negative
Charges must balance to zero
Formula uses a subscript to balance
charges
Example: MgCl
2 ;
Na
2
O; NaCl
The sodium atom and chloride atom
bond together as ions and form a
new compound.

This is called an ionic bond.

Practice:
Sodium and
fluorine
Barium and
iodine
lithium and
phosphorus
Aluminum and
oxygen
Beryllium and
oxygen
Calcium and
nitrogen
Answers:
Sodium and
fluorine
sodium fluoride
NaF
Barium and
iodine
barium iodide
BaI
2
lithium and
phosphorus
lithium
phosphide
Li
3
P
Aluminum and
oxygen
aluminum
oxide
Al
2
O
3
Beryllium and
sulfur
beryllium
sulfide
BeS
Calcium and
nitrogen
calcium nitride
Ca
3
N
2
Solutions
When ionic compounds are put in water,
they dissolve into ions:

Polyatomic ions: are groups of
atoms bonded together with a
charge hence the name poly
atomic ions.
Examples:
OH
-1
= hydroxide
NO
3
-1
= nitrate
PO
4
-3
= phosphate
SO
4
-2
= sulfate

Practice: Use polyatomic ions
just like any other ion; But when
you have more than one , use
parentheses.
barium hydroxide=
Notice parentheses show multiple ions.
barium hydroxide= Ba OH

+2 -1
Ba(OH)
2

+2 -1(2) = 0


strontium nitrate =

strontium nitrate = Sr NO
3

+2 -1
strontium nitrate = Sr(NO
3
)
2

+2 + -1(2)


lithium phosphate = Li PO
4

+1 -3

lithium phosphate Li
3
PO
4

+1(3) + -3 = 0
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate = K

SO
4
+1 -2
potassium sulfate = K
2
SO
4


+1(2) + -2 = 0
Transition metals: Metals that
have more than one possible
charge:
Cobalt: Co
+2
, Co
+3
Copper: Cu
+
, Cu
+2
Iron: Fe
+2
, Fe
+3
Lead: Pb
+2
, Pb
+4
When writing the names,
always use roman numerals to
show the charge.
Examples:
Cobalt (II) Co
+2
, Cobalt (III) Co
+3
Copper(I), Cu
+
, or Copper (II), Cu
+2
Iron(II) Fe
+2
, or iron (III), Fe
+3
Lead(II), Pb
+2
, or lead (IV), Pb
+4
Each different charged ion
behaves completely different
than the other! The charges
matter!

Practice!
Lead (IV) hydroxide

Lead(IV) hydroxide = Pb(OH)
4

Copper (II) nitrate


Copper(II) nitrate = Cu(NO
3
)
2
+2 -1
CoPO
4


CoPO
4
= Cobalt (III) phosphate
+3 -3
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

+3 -2
Iron (III) sulfate Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
Hydrates
Some ionic compounds absorb water molecules
into their structures. These are called hydrates.
NaCl2H2O is the symbol for sodium chloride
dihydrate. Notice the prefix di- means 2 water
molecules.
Name these hydrates: MgSO
4
5H2O
CuCl
2
4H2O
Finding Percentage of Water
in a Hydrate
You can find the percentage of water in a hydrate
by dividing the mass of the water by the total
mass times 100.
Lets take NaCl2H2O
Using the periodic table, the mass of Na=23,
Cl=35.5, H2O = 18. Total mass with 2 H20 is 94.4
Water mass (36)/ Total (94.4) x 100
= 38 % water

Pop Quiz: HOT or NOT
Ionic Bonding.
HOT, for sure!
If Miley says its hot, its HOT!




Covalent Bonds
What is a Covalent Bond?

- A covalent bond is a chemical
bond resulting from SHARING
of electrons between 2
nonmetals.

?

Covalent Bonds can have multiple bonds, so you should be
familiar with the following
Single Covalent Bond-
chemical bond resulting
from sharing of an electron
pair between two atoms.
H2O
Double Covalent Bond-
chemical bond resulting
from sharing of two electron
pairs between two atoms.
CO
2
Triple Covalent Bond-
chemical bond resulting
from sharing of three
electron pairs between two
atoms. N
2
Types of Covalent Bonds
Two types of colvalent bonds: nonpolar and polar
Recall electronegativity (desire for electrons) -see
shaded table on ole yeller
The electronegativity difference between the two
atoms determines whether it is a nonpolar or
polar bond.

Electronegativity difference:
0 .4 2.0
Nonpolar Polar Ionic
Polar Bonds
A nonpolar bond tends to share electrons equally



A polar bond means there is a dipole or one pole
(end) with a positive charge and one pole (end)
with a negative charge, therefore they tend to
stick together better since their opposite charges
attract. (=)(-)
Very strong polar bonds are
ionic bonds like NaCl





Covalent Bonds Do NOT have
ions or need to Balance Charges
They use prefixes to
show the number of
atoms:
Mono-
Di-
Tri-
Tetra-
Examples:
H
2
O =
dihydrogen monoxide
CO
2
= carbon dioxide
dinitrogen tetraoxide =
N
2
O
4
Phosphorus trichloride
= PCl
3
What are the differences between
ionic bonding and covalent
bonding? List them below:
Differences:
Ionic
Metal , nonmetal-ide
Balance charges using
subscripts
Polyatomic ions use
parentheses in
multiples
Transition metals use
roman numerals to
show charge


Differences:
Covalent
Two nonmetals
Nonmetal, nonmetal-
ide
No ions- they share e-
Use prefixes
Dont need to balance
Differences:
Ionic
Metal , nonmetal-ide
Balance charges
using subscripts
Polyatomic ions use
parentheses in
multiples
Transition metals use
roman numerals to
show charge

Covalent
Two nonmetals
Nonmetal, nonmetal-
ide
No ions- they share e-
Use prefixes
Dont need to
balance

Covalent bonds:
HOT or NOT?
Definitely HOT Baby!