IP Addressing

Introductory material.

An entire module devoted to IP addresses.
IP Addresses

Structure of an IP address
Subnetting
CIDR
IP Version 6 addresses
IP Addresses
Application data TCP Header Ethernet Header Ethernet Trailer
Ethernet frame
IP Header
version
(4 bits)
header
length
Type of Service/TOS
(8 bits)
Total Length (in bytes)
(16 bits)
Identification (16 bits)
flags
(3 bits)
Fragment Offset (13 bits)
Source IP address (32 bits)
Destination IP address (32 bits)
TTL Time-to-Live
(8 bits)
Protocol
(8 bits)
Header Checksum (16 bits)
32 bits
IP Addresses
Application data TCP Header Ethernet Header Ethernet Trailer
Ethernet frame
IP Header
0x4 0x5 0x00 44
10
9d08 010
2
0000000000000
2
[Link]
[Link]
128
10
0x06 8bff
32 bits
What is an IP Address?
An IP address is a unique global address for a network
interface

An IP address:
- is a 32 bit long identifier
- encodes a network number (network prefix)
and a host number
Dotted Decimal Notation
IP addresses are written in a so-called dotted decimal
notation
Each byte is identified by a decimal number in the range
[0..255]:

Example:
10001111 10000000 10001001 10010000
1
st
Byte
= 128
2
nd
Byte
= 143
3
rd
Byte
= 137
4
th
Byte
= 144
[Link]
The network prefix identifies a network and the host number
identifies a specific host (actually, interface on the network).




How do we know how long the network prefix is?
The network prefix is implicitly defined (see class-based
addressing)
The network prefix is indicated by a netmask.


Network prefix and Host number
network prefix host number
Example: [Link]





Network id is: [Link]
Host number is: 137.144
Network mask is: [Link] or ffff0000

Prefix notation: [Link]/16
Network prefix is 16 bits long
Example
128.143 137.144
Subnetting
Subnetting
Problem: Organizations
have multiple networks
which are independently
managed
Solution 1: Allocate one or
more addresses for each
network
Difficult to manage
From the outside of the
organization, each network
must be addressable.
Solution 2: Add another
level of hierarchy to the
IP addressing structure

University Network
Medical
School
Library
Engineering
School
Basic Idea of Subnetting
Split the host number portion of an IP address into a
subnet number and a (smaller) host number.
Result is a 3-layer hierarchy





Then:
Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization
Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks
Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
network prefix host number
subnet number
network prefix
host number
extended network prefix
Each layer-2 network (Ethernet segment, FDDI segment) is
allocated a subnet address.
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
[Link] / 24
Typical Addressing Plan for an Organization that
uses subnetting
[Link]/16
Advantages of Subnetting
With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:
Network
Subnet
Host
Improves efficiency of IP addresses by not consuming an
entire address space for each physical network.
Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not
know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at
external routers is reduced.

Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all
subnetworks.
CIDR - Classless Interdomain Routing
Goals:
Restructure IP address assignments to increase efficiency
Hierarchical routing aggregation to minimize route table
entries

Key Concept: The length of the network id (prefix) in the IP
addresses is kept arbitrary

Consequence: Routers advertise the IP address and the
length of the prefix
CIDR Example
CIDR notation of a network address:
[Link]/18
"18" says that the first 18 bits are the network part of the
address (and 14 bits are available for specific host
addresses)
The network part is called the prefix

Assume that a site requires a network address with 1000 addresses
With CIDR, the network is assigned a continuous block of 1024 addresses
with a 22-bit long prefix
CIDR: Prefix Size vs. Network Size
CIDR Block Prefix # of Host Addresses
/27 32 hosts
/26 64 hosts
/25 128 hosts
/24 256 hosts
/23 512 hosts
/22 1,024 hosts
/21 2,048 hosts
/20 4,096 hosts
/19 8,192 hosts
/18 16,384 hosts
/17 32,768 hosts
/16 65,536 hosts
/15 131,072 hosts
/14 262,144 hosts
/13 524,288 hosts
CIDR and Address assignments
Backbone ISPs obtain large block of IP addresses space and
then reallocate portions of their address blocks to their
customers.

Example:
Assume that an ISP owns the address block [Link]/18, which
represents 16,384 (2
14
) IP addresses
Suppose a client requires 800 host addresses
With classful addresses: need to assign a class B address (and
waste ~64,700 addresses) or four individual Class Cs (and introducing 4
new routes into the global Internet routing tables)
With CIDR: Assign a /22 block, e.g., [Link]/22, and allocated a
block of 1,024 (2
10
) IP addresses.
CIDR and Routing Information
[Link]/18
[Link]/15
[Link]/21

Internet
Backbone
ISP X owns:
Company X :
[Link]/22
ISP y :
[Link]/24
Organization z1 :
[Link]/26
Organization z2 :
[Link]/26
CIDR and Routing Information
[Link]/18
[Link]/15
[Link]/21

Internet
Backbone
ISP X owns:
Company X :
[Link]/22
ISP y :
[Link]/24
Organization z1 :
[Link]/26
Organization z2 :
[Link]/26
Backbone sends everything
which matches the prefixes
[Link]/18, [Link]/15,
[Link]/21 to ISP X.
ISP X sends everything which
matches the prefix:
[Link]/22 to Company X,
[Link]/24 to ISP y
Backbone routers do not know
anything about Company X, ISP
Y, or Organizations z1, z2.
ISP X does not know about
Organizations z1, z2.
ISP y sends everything which matches
the prefix:
[Link]/26 to Organizations z1
[Link]/26 to Organizations z2
Example
Belongs to:
Cable & Wireless USA [Link] - [Link]
11001111 00000010
207 2
01011000
88
10101010
170
11001111 00000010 01011000 00000000
Belongs to:
City of Charlottesville, VA: [Link] - [Link]
11001111 00000000 00000000 00000000
You can find about ownership of IP addresses in
North America via [Link]
The IP Address: [Link]
CIDR and Routing
Aggregation of routing table entries:
[Link]/16 and [Link]/16 are represented as
[Link]/15
Longest prefix match: Routing table lookup finds the
routing entry that matches the longest prefix


What is the outgoing interface for
[Link] ?

Prefix Interface
[Link]/4 interface #5
[Link]/9 interface #2
[Link]/17 interface #1
Routing table
IPv6 - IP Version 6
IP Version 6
Is the successor to the currently used IPv4
Specification completed in 1994
Makes improvements to IPv4 (no revolutionary changes)

One (not the only !) feature of IPv6 is a significant increase in
size of the IP address to 128 bits (16 bytes)
IPv6 will solve for the foreseeable future the
problems with IP addressing

IPv6 Header
Application data TCP Header Ethernet Header Ethernet Trailer
Ethernet frame
IPv6 Header
version
(4 bits)
Traffic Class
(8 bits)
Flow Label
(24 bits)
Payload Length (16 bits)
Next Header
(8 bits)
Hop Limits (8 bits)
Source IP address (128 bits)
32 bits
Destination IP address (128 bits)
IPv6 vs. IPv4: Address Comparison
IPv4 has a maximum of
2
32
4 billion addresses
IPv6 has a maximum of
2
128
= (2
32
)
4
4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion x 4 billion
addresses
Notation of IPv6 addresses
Convention: The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-
bit integers (using hexadecimal digits for each integer)
CEDF:BP[Link]

Short notation:
Abbreviations of leading zeroes:
CEDF:BP[Link]
CEDF:BP[Link] :0:3025:DF12
:0000:0000 can be written as ::
CEDF:BP[Link] CEDF:BP76::FACE:0:3025:DF12
IPv6 addresses derived from IPv4 addresses have 96 leading zero bits.
Convention allows to use IPv4 notation for the last 32 bits.
[Link] ::[Link]
IPv6 Provider-Based Addresses
The first IPv6 addresses will be allocated to a provider-based
plan



Type: Set to 010 for provider-based addresses
Registry: identifies the agency that registered the address
The following fields have a variable length (recommeded length in ())
Provider: Id of Internet access provider (16 bits)
Subscriber: Id of the organization at provider (24 bits)
Subnetwork: Id of subnet within organization (32 bits)
Interface: identifies an interface at a node (48 bits)
Registry
ID
Provider
ID
010
Subscriber
ID
Interface
ID
Subnetwork
ID
More on IPv6 Addresses
The provider-based addresses have a similar flavor as CIDR
addresses

IPv6 provides address formats for:
Unicast identifies a single interface
Multicast identifies a group. Datagrams sent to a
multicast address are sent to all members of the group
Anycast identifies a group. Datagrams sent to an anycast
address are sent to one of the members in the group.