CHAPTER 2: BASIC
LAW
• Kirchhoff’s Law
• Series Parallel Circuit
• Voltage and Current Division
• Wye-Delta Transformations
Nodes, Branches & Loops
• Elements of electric circuits can be
interconnected in several way.
• Need to understand some basic concepts
of network topology.
• Branch: Represents a single element
(i.e. voltage, resistor
& etc)
• Node: The meeting point between
two or more branches.
• Loop: Any closed path in a circuit.
2/40 11/21/09
Nodes, Branches & Loops
• Example 3:
• Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.
3/40 11/21/09
Nodes, Branches & Loops
• Example 4:
• Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.
4/40 11/21/09
KCL
• KCL : the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or
a closed boundary) is zero.
∑i
• N : number of branches connected
n =1
n =0 to the node
• in : the nth current entering (or leaving) the node
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 5
Kirchoff’s Laws
• .
• Current enters = +ve
• Current leaves = -ve
• ∑ current entering = ∑ current
leaving
6/40 11/21/09
KCL
• sum of currents entering the node =
sum of current leaving the node
iin = iout
i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5
i1 + (−i2 ) + i3 + i4 + (−i5 ) = 0
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 7
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 5:
• Given the following circuit, write the equation for
currents.
8/40 11/21/09
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 6:
• Current in a closed boundary
9/40 11/21/09
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 9:
• Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit.
10/40 11/21/09
KVL
• KVL : the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
close loop path (or loop) is zero.
∑v
m =1
m =0
• M : number of voltages in the loop (or the number
of branches in the loop)
• vm : the mth voltage
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 11
KVL
• sum of voltage drop = sum of voltage rise
vdrop = vrise
• KVL can be applied either in clockwise or
anti-clockwise around the loop
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4
− v1 + v2 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 12
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• Applied to a loop in a circuit.
• According to KVL The algebraic sum of voltage (rises
and drops) in a loop is zero.
+ v1 - +
+
vs V2
-
- v3 + -
13/40 11/21/09
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 10:
• Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.
14/40 11/21/09
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 11:
• Use KVL to obtain v1, and v2.
15/40 11/21/09
Kirchoff’s Laws
• Example 12:
• Calculate power dissipated in 5Ω resistor.
10
16/40 11/21/09
Series Resistors & Voltage
Division
• Series resistors same current flowing
through them.
v1= iR1& v2 = iR2
KVL:
v-v1-v2=0
v= i(R1+R2)
i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
iReq = R1+R2
17/40 11/21/09
Series Resistors & Voltage
Division
• Voltage Division:
• Previously:
• v1 = iR1 & v2 = iR2
• i = v/(R1+R2 )
• Thus:
• v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
• v2=vR2/(R1+R2)
18/40 11/21/09
Parallel Resistors & Current Division
• Parallel resistors Common voltage across it.
v = i1R1 = i2R2
i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
=v/Req
v =iReq
1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
Req= R1R2 / (R1+R2 )
19/40 11/21/09
Parallel Resistors & Current Division
• Current Division:
• Previously:
• v = i1R1 = i2R2
• v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
• and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2
• Thus:
• i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
• i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )
20/40 11/21/09
Conductance (G)
• Series conductance:
• 1/Geq = 1/G1 +1/G2+…
• Parallel conductance:
• Geq = G1 +G2+…
21/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 13:
• Calculate v1, i1, v2 and i2.
22/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 14:
• Determine i1 through i4.
23/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 15:
• Determine v and i.
24/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 16:
• Determine I1 and Vs if the current through 3Ω
resistor = 2A.
25/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 17:
• Determine Rab.
26/40 11/21/09
Voltage and Current Division
• Example 18:
• Determine vx and power absorbed by the 12Ω
resistor.
27/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Given the circuit, how to combine R1 through R6?
• Resistors are neither in series nor parallel…
• Use wye-delta transformations
28/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
Y network T network
29/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
Δ network π network
11/21/09 30/40
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Delta (Δ) to wye (y) conversion.
11/21/09 31/40
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Thus Δ to y conversion ::
• R1 = RbRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)
• R2 = RaRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)
• R3 = RaRb/(Ra+Rb+Rc)
# Each resistors in y network is
the product of two adjacent
branches divide by the 3 Δ
resistors
32/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Y to Δ conversions:
• Ra = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R1
• Rb = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R2
• Rc= (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R3
33/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Example 19:
• Transform the circuit from Δ to y.
34/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Example 20:
• Determine Rab.
35/40 11/21/09
Wye-Delta Transformations
• Example 21:
• Determine Io.
36/40 11/21/09
Series Connection
• R1 and R2 in series
• Same current i flows in R1 and R2
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 37
Series Connection
iR1 = iR2 = i
v1 = iR1
v2 = iR 2
v = v1 + v2
v = i ( R1 + R2 )
v = iR eq
Req = R1 + R2
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 38
Series Connection
N
Req = R1 + R2 + .... + RN = ∑ Rn
n =1
• Req connected in series : the sum
of individual resistances
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 39
Parallel Connection
• R1 and R2 in parallel
• Same voltage across R1 and R2
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 40
v R1 =v R2 =v
Parallel
v
Connection i1 =
R1
v
i2 =
R2
i =i1 +i2
v v
i = +
R1 R2
v
i =
Req
R1 R2
Req =
R1 +R2
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 41
Parallel Connection
R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
1 1 1 1
= + +... +
Req R1 R2 RN
• Req connected in parallel : the
product of their resistances divided
by their sum
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 42
Voltage Divider
R1
v1 = v
R1 + R2
R2
v2 = v
R1 + R2
Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 + .... + RN
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 43
Current Divider
R2
i1 = i
R1 + R2
R1
i2 = i
R1 + R2
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 44
Delta – Wye Conversion
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 45
Delta – Wye Conversion
Rb Rc
R1 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Rc Ra
R2 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra Rb
R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 46
Wye – Delta Conversion
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 47
Wye-Delta Conversion
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra =
R1
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rb =
R2
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rc =
R3
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 48
Conversion Formulas
• The Y and ∆ networks are
balanced when;
R1 = R2 = R3 = RY
Ra = Rb = Rc = R∆
R∆
RY = R∆ = 3RY
3
NH BEE1113 Chapter 2 : Basic Laws 49