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Aqueous Solutions and Molarity Guide

The document discusses solutions and concentrations including molarity, dilution, and examples of calculating molarity and preparing solutions of known concentrations. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity and examples are provided. Dilution is introduced as preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one using the equation that the initial molarity times volume equals the final molarity times final volume. Additional examples demonstrate calculating volumes needed for dilution.

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Azizie Nami
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9 views11 pages

Aqueous Solutions and Molarity Guide

The document discusses solutions and concentrations including molarity, dilution, and examples of calculating molarity and preparing solutions of known concentrations. Molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution. Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity and examples are provided. Dilution is introduced as preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one using the equation that the initial molarity times volume equals the final molarity times final volume. Additional examples demonstrate calculating volumes needed for dilution.

Uploaded by

Azizie Nami
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter Four

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions


Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
When water is the solvent, we called the solution aqueous solution.
Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solvent.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in many different ways.
MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.






solution of liters
solute of moles
Molarity
liters in solution of volume V
moles of number n
molarity M
V
n

where
M
Unit of molarity is mol/L
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity :
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example1:
How many grams of potassium dichromate (K
2
Cr
2
O
7
) are required to prepare
a 250 ml solution whose concentration is 2.16 M.?





M =2.16 , V =250 mL = 250/1000= 0.25 L
n = M X V
= 2.16 X 0.25 = 0.54 mol

liters in solution of volume V
moles of number n
molarity M
V
n

where
M
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
n = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of K
2
Cr
2
O
7
=
2 x 39.1 + 2x52 + 7x16=294.2 g/mol
Mass = n x molar mass
= 0.54 x 294.2 = 158.9 g

Mass (g)
Molar mass Mole
(mol)
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
Example 2:
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
) to a
reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in milliteres of a 2.53 M glucose
solution he should use for the addition.
M = n/V
Molar mass of C
6
H
12
O
6
=180.2 g/mol
n = mass/molar mass
= 3.81 / 180.2
= 0.021 mol

M = n/V
V = n/M
= 0.021 / 2.53 = 8.30 X 10
-3
L
= 8.36 X10
-3
X 10
3
L = 8.30 mL

Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Solutions and concentrations
FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
NaCl Na +Cl
1 mol NaCl , 1 mole Na
+
, 1mole Cl
-1

1 M NaCl , 1 M Na
+
, 1 M Cl
-1


Ba (NO
3
)
2
Ba
+2
+ 2NO
3
-

1 mole Ba (NO
3
)
2
, 1 mole Ba
+2
, 2 mole NO
3
-

1M Ba (NO
3
)
2
, 1 M Ba
+2
, 2 M 2NO
3
-


Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution
Add Solvent
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Dilution : is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a
more concentrated one.

M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2
BEFORE AFTER

Example 1 :
How you would prepare 5.00 x 10
2
mL of a 1.75 M H
2
SO
4
solution, starting
with an 8.61 M stock solution of H
2
SO
4
?
M
1
= 8.61 , V
1
= ?, M
2
= 1.75, V
2
= 5.00 X10
2

M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

8.61 X V
1
= 1.75 X 5.00 X 10
2

V
1
= 1.75 X 5.00 X 10
2
/ 8.61 = 101.6 ml.
Chapter Four / Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Dilution
Example 2:
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO
3
from a stock solution of
4.00 M HNO
3
?
M
1
= 4 , V
1
= ?, M
2
= 0,2, V
2
= 60
M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

4 X V
1
= 0.2 x 60
V
1
= 0.2 X 60 / 4 = 3 ml.

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