Well Design Spring 2011
Well Design PE 413
Introdu tion and !PI Standards o" #asing
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing Design
Introdu tion
Choosing the correct size, type, and amount of casing that is used in well construction is of utmost importance to the success of the well. The casing must be of sufficient size and strength to allow the target formations to be reached and produced. Casing has become one of the most expensive parts of a drilling program; the average cost of tubulars is about 18 of the average cost of a completed well. Thus, an important responsibility of the drilling engineer is to design the least expensive casing program that will allow the well to be drilled and operated safely throughout its life
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing Design
Introdu tion
The main functions of the casing in any well are! 1."aintain hole integrity #.$solate abnormally pressured zones %.&rotect shallow wea' formations from heavier mud weights re(uired in the deeper portions of the hole ).&revent contamination of freshwater*bearing strata +.,upport unconsolidated sediments
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
#o$ponent Parts o" ! #asing String
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
#ondu tor #asing
- ,ea off unconsolidated formations at shallow depths - ,top washouts under the drilling rig. &rotect fresh water sands. To give a base and support for the next string of
casing The conductor pipe is the first casing to be put in place, and is generally installed before the rig arrives on location. ,uch casing can be driven to #+. feet. Conductor casing measuring between 1/ to #)0 outside diameter is used onshore, and between #) to )80 for offshore.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
Sur"a e #asing
- &rotect, water sands - ,upport the wellhead and 12& e(uipments - Case unconsolidated formations - ,upport other casings - Case off lost circulation zones ,urface casing is the first string of casing used after the conductor pipe. $t is re(uired in some instances by law 3to protect ground water4 and is normally cemented full length. ,urface casing supports the 12& stac' and subse(uent casing and tubing strings, and is normally the only string designed to carry compression loads.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
Inter$ediate #asing
$ntermediate casing is any string between the surface and production string. $ntermediate casing may or may not be cemented full length. $ntermediate casing may be used to! 1.,eal off wea'er zones #.&rotect previous casing strings from higher &burst %.&rovide support for liner casing.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
Produ tion #asing
The fourth but not necessarily the final string of pipe run in the hole is the production casing. The production casing is used to control the hydrocarbon bearing zones that will be produced. This string of pipe adds structural integrity to the wellbore in the producing zones. &roduction casing should be set before completing the well for production. $t should be cemented in a manner necessary to cover or isolate all zones which contain hydrocarbons.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
%unning #asing
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing #o$ponents
%unning #asing
&ississippi! 5ot encounter abnormal formation pressure, lost circulation zones, salt sections. 6e(uired only conductor casing, surface casing and production casing '""s(ore )ouisiana and Te*as Dela+are ,asin! 7ncounter abnormal pore pressure, lost circulation zones, salt sections, unstable shale sections. 6e(uired intermediate casing to protect formation below the surface casing from the pressures created by the re(uired high drilling fluid density. 8iner is used to lower the cost of drilling. $t serves similarly to intermediate casing in that it isolates troublesome zones that tend to cause well problems during drilling operations.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
#asing Design
,it -ole . #asing
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
!PI Standard
The size of the casing refers to the outside diameter 32.9.4 of the main body of the tubular 3not the connector4. Casing sizes vary from ).+0 to %/0 diameter. Tubulars with an 2.9. of less than ).+: are called Tubing.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#asing )engt(
The ;&$ standards recognize three length ranges for casing! 6ange 1 36*14! 1/ < #+ ft 6ange # 36*#4! #+ < %) ft 6ange % 36*%4! = %) ft Casing is run most often in 6*% lengths to reduce the number of connections in the string. ,ince casing is made up in single >oints, 6*% lengths can be handled easily by most rigs.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#asing Weig(t
?or each casing size there are a range of casing weights available. The weight of the casing is in fact the weight per foot of the casing and is a representation of the wall thic'ness of the pipe. There are for instance four different weights of @ +A80 casing. 39rift diameter refers to the guaranteed minimum $9 of the casing.4
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#asing /rade
$n addition to the ;&$ grades, certain manufacturers produce their own grades of material. 1oth seamless and welded tubulars are used as casing although seamless casing is the most common type of casing and only B and C grades are welded.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
De"inition o" 2ield Strengt(
Proportionality li$it: Dp to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain 3Boo'eEs law4, so the stress*strain graph is a straight line, and the gradient will be e(ual to the elastic modulus of the material. Elasti li$it 0yield strengt(1: 1eyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation will occur. The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be measured is defined as yield strength. Typical yield behavior for non*ferrous alloys. 1! True elastic limit #! &roportionality limit %! 7lastic limit )! 2ffset yield strength
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#asing /rade
The chemical composition of casing varies widely, and a variety of compositions and treatment processes are used during the manufacturing process This means that the physical properties of the steel varies widely. The materials which result from the manufacturing process have been classified by the ;&$ into a series of Fgrades:. 7ach grade is designated by a letter, and a number. The letter refers to the chemical composition of the material and the number refers to the minimum yield strength of the material e.g. 5*8. casing has a minimum yield strength of 8.... psi and G*++ has a minimum yield strength of ++... psi. Bence the grade of the casing provides an indication of the strength of the casing. The higher the grade, the higher the strength of the casing.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#onne tions
$ndividual >oints of casing are connected together by a threaded connection. These connections are variously classified as! ;&$; premium; gastight; and metal*to*metal seal. $n the case of ;&$ connections, the casing >oints are threaded externally at either end and each >oint is connected to the next >oint by a coupling which is threaded internally. The standard types of ;&$ threaded and coupled connection are! - ,hort thread connection 3,TC4 - 8ong thread connection 38TC4 - 1uttress thread connection 31TC4
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
#onne tions
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
!PI Spe i"i ations3 Standard and ,ulletins
;&$ ,&7C +CT, F,pecification for casing a tubing:! Covers seamless and welded casing and tubing, couplings, pup >oints and connectors in all grades. &rocesses of manufacture, chemical and mechanical property re(uirements, methods of test and dimensions are included. ;&$ ,T9 +1, F,pecification for threading, gauging, and thread inspection for casing, tubing, and line pipe threads:! Covers dimensional re(uirements on threads and thread gauges, stipulations on gauging practice, gauge specifications and certifications, as well as instruments and methods for the inspection of threads of round*thread casing and tubing, buttress thread casing, and extreme* line casing and drill pipe. ;&$ 6& +;+, F6ecommended practice for filed inspection of new casing, tubing and plain*end drill pipe:! &rovides a uniform method of inspecting tubular goods.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
!PI Spe i"i ations3 Standard and ,ulletins
;&$ 6& +11, F6ecommended practice for thread inspection on casing, tubing and line pipe:! The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide guidance and instructions on the correct use of thread inspection techni(ues and e(uipment. ;&$ 6& +C1, F6ecommended practice for care and use of casing and tubing:! covers use, transportation, storage, handling, and reconditioning of casing and tubing. ;&$ 6&+C+, F6ecommended practice for evaluation procedures for casing and tubing connections:! 9escribes tests to be performed to determine the galling tendency, sealing performance and structural integrity of tubular connections. ;&$ 1D88 +;#, F1ulletin on thread compounds:! &rovides material re(uirements and performance tests for two grades of thread compound for use on oil*field tubular goods.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
!PI Standard
!PI Spe i"i ations3 Standard and ,ulletins
;&$ 1D88 +C#, F1ulletin on performance properties of casing and tubing:! Covers collapsing pressures, internal yield pressures and >oint strengths of casing and tubing and minimum yield load for drill pipe. ;&$ 1D88 +C%, F1ulletin on formulas and calculations for casing, tubing, drillpipe and line pipe properties:! &rovides formulas used in the calculations of various pipe properties, also bac'ground information regarding their development and use. ;&$ 1D88 +C), F1ulletin on round thread casing >oint strength with combined internal pressure and bending.:! &rovides >oint strength of round thread casing when sub>ect to combined bending and internal pressure.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
#asing %unning Pro edures
Casing lea's are often caused by damaging the threads while handling and running the casing on the rig. $t has also been 'nown for a >oint of the wrong weight or grade of casing to be run in the wrong place, thus creating a wea' spot in the string. ,uch mista'es are usually very expensive to repair, both in terms of rig time and materials. $t is important, therefore, to use the correct procedures when running the casing.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
#asing %unning Pro edures
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
#asing %unning Pro edures
;s more >oints are added to the string the increased weight may re(uire the use of heavy duty slips 3spider4 and elevators $f the casing is run too (uic'ly into the hole, surge pressures may be generated below the casing in the open hole, increasing the ris' of formation fracture. ; running speed of 1... ft per hour is often used in open hole sections. $f the casing is run with a float shoe the casing should be filled up regularly as it is run, or the casing will become buoyant and may even collapse, under the pressure from the mud in the hole. The casing shoe is usually set 1.*%. ft off bottom.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
#asing %unning Pro edures
6egular ,lip Beavy duty slip
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
)iner %unning Pro edures
8iners are run on drillpipe with special tools which allow the liner to be run, set and cemented all in one trip. The liner hanger is installed at the top of the liner. The hanger has wedge slips which can be set against the inside of the previous string. The slips can be set mechanically 3rotating the drillpipe4 or hydraulically 3differential pressure4. ; liner pac'er may be used at the top of the liner to seal off the annulus after the liner has been cemented.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
)iner %unning Pro edures
The basic liner running procedure is as follows! 3a4 6un the liner on drillpipe to the re(uired depth; 3b4 ,et the liner hanger; 3c4 Circulate drilling fluid to clean out the liner; 3d4 1ac' off 3disconnect4 the liner hanger setting tool; 3e4 &ump down and displace the cement; 3f4 ,et the liner pac'er; 3g4 &ic' up the setting tool, reverse circulate to clean out cement and pull out of hole.
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Well Design Spring 2011
%[Link] 'peration
)iner %unning Pro edures
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen